Bibliography of outside sources#
This page lists the outside sources cited in the six analyses and in the essay We’ve been here before: the works, documents, decisions, statements and reports that the analyses rely on or discuss, other than the working files of this project. Each entry gives the author or organisation, the title, the date and a link where one is available, followed by the documents that cite it. In all it has 243 entries, some of which group closely related items, and 209 of Maynard’s Substack posts.
How to read the “Cited in” notes. Documents are identified by number, followed by the sections where the source appears (§ for a numbered section, App. for an appendix, n. for a note in the essay). Where a source appears in many sections, the first few are given, followed by “…”.
How the list was compiled. Every web address in the analyses and the essay was extracted, and every formal citation (a named work, document, decision or statement with an author or issuing body and a date) was identified by reading around it. The entries were then deduplicated. Where an analysis gives only a short citation (for example “Marchant 2003” or “Cohen and Tubb 2018”), the full reference is taken from the working file that the analysis draws on. Nothing is listed that the analyses and the essay do not cite. Where no link is given, none was recorded in the analyses or their working files.
What is not listed here. The two EEA reports are cited by section and page throughout 01 and 03, and the interview by timestamp throughout 02 and 03; both are described on the Sources page. Analysis 02 also cites brief data sources in its fact-check table (Appendix A); their details are in the fact-check working file. Analysis 03 (§9) compares Huang with eleven other AI leaders from their own statements, which are documented, with links, in the leader profiles. Analysis 01’s post-publication checks draw on more than 3,000 further linked sources, listed in the hindsight files and in the files on the reports’ context and critiques; only those that 01 cites by name are listed here.
Access. Some sources were read only in part: through an abstract, a review, an archive copy or other reports. Where the analyses record this for sources outside section 1.2, the entry says so. Items dated 23 September 2026 or later appeared after the interview was recorded.
Contents#
- The EEA reports and their cases
- Jensen Huang and Nvidia
- The July-September 2026 events and the AI labs
- Policy and government documents
- Scholarly literature and data
- Andrew Maynard’s own work
- News and commentary
1. The EEA reports and their cases#
1.1 The reports and the EEA’s later restatements#
- European Environment Agency (2001). Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896–2000. Environmental Issue Report No 22. Editorial team chaired by P. Harremoës. Web date 9 January 2002. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/environmental_issue_report_2001_22. Also published as a trade edition: Harremoës, P. et al. (eds) (2002), The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, Earthscan. Cited in: 01 throughout (cited as LL1); 03 throughout; 04 n. 4, n. 8, n. 10; 05 §2.3, §7 (T2), §8; 06 §1.2, §6.
- European Environment Agency (2013). Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation. EEA Report No 1/2013, published 22 January 2013. doi:10.2800/73322. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/late-lessons-2. Chapter 22, “Nanotechnology: early lessons from early warnings” (pp. 530–560), is by Hansen, Maynard, Baun, Tickner and Bowman. Cited in: 01 throughout (cited as LL2); 03 throughout; 04 n. 4, n. 5, n. 7; 05 §8; 06 §1.2, §6.
- European Environment Agency (2019). The European environment — state and outlook 2020 (SOER 2020). doi:10.2800/96749. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/soer-2020. Cited in: 01 §2.6.
- European Environment Agency (2019). Drivers of change of relevance for Europe’s environment and sustainability. EEA Report No 25/2019. doi:10.2800/129404. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/drivers-of-change. Cited in: 01 §2.6.
- Regulation (EC) No 401/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network (codified version). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R0401. Cited in: 01 §2.1.
1.2 Reception, critiques and defences#
The critiques and defences assessed in 01 §5.3. For each, 01 records how fully it was read (in full, in summary, from its abstract or from its metadata only); the working critiques file has the detail.
- Marchant, G.E. (2003). “From general policy to legal rule: aspirations and limitations of the precautionary principle.” Environmental Health Perspectives 111(14): 1799–1803. doi:10.1289/ehp.6197. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1241727/. Cited in: 01 §5.1, §5.3.
- Marchant, G.E. and Mossman, K.L. (2004). Arbitrary and Capricious: The Precautionary Principle in the European Union Courts. AEI Press. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Hammitt, J.K., Wiener, J.B., Swedlow, B., Kall, D. and Zhou, Z. (2005). “Precautionary regulation in Europe and the United States: a quantitative comparison.” Risk Analysis 25(5): 1215–1228. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00662.x. Cited in: 01 §3.1, §5.3.
- Wiener, J.B. and Rogers, M.D. (2002). “Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe.” Journal of Risk Research 5(4): 317–349. doi:10.1080/13669870210153684. With Wiener, J.B., Rogers, M.D., Hammitt, J.K. and Sand, P.H. (eds) (2011), The Reality of Precaution: Comparing Risk Regulation in the United States and Europe, RFF Press. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Mazur, A. (2004). True Warnings and False Alarms: Evaluating Fears about the Health Risks of Technology, 1948–1971. Resources for the Future. Cited in: 01 §5.1, §5.3.
- Cox, L.A. Jr (2007). “Regulatory false positives: true, false, or uncertain?” Risk Analysis 27(5): 1083–1086. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00975.x. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Hansen, S.F., Krayer von Krauss, M.P. and Tickner, J.A. (2007). “Response to ‘Regulatory false positives: true, false, or uncertain?’” Risk Analysis 27(5): 1087–1089. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00970.x. (The authors of the 2013 report’s false-alarm chapter, replying to Cox.) Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Graham, J.D. and Wiener, J.B. (eds) (1995). Risk vs. Risk. Harvard University Press. With their 2008 exchange with Hansen and colleagues in the Journal of Risk Research 11(4): “The precautionary principle and risk–risk tradeoffs: a comment” (pp. 465–474, doi:10.1080/13669870802124405) and “Empirical evidence for risk-risk tradeoffs: a rejoinder to Hansen and Tickner” (pp. 485–490, doi:10.1080/13669870802208224). Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Hansen, S.F. and Tickner, J.A. (2008). “Putting risk-risk tradeoffs in perspective: a response to Graham and Wiener.” Journal of Risk Research 11(4): 475–483. doi:10.1080/13669870802124413. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Goldstein, B.D. (2001). “The precautionary principle also applies to public health actions.” American Journal of Public Health 91(9): 1358–1361. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1358. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Majone, G. (2002). “The precautionary principle and its policy implications.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40(1): 89–109. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.00345. Cited in: 01 §4.3, §5.3, §6.6.
- Sunstein, C.R. (2002–03). “The paralyzing principle.” Regulation 25(4): 32–37. https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2002/12/v25n4-9.pdf. And (2005), Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511790850. Cited in: 01 §5.3, §5.6.
- Peterson, M. (2007). “The precautionary principle should not be used as a basis for decision-making.” EMBO Reports 8(4): 305–308. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400947. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1852769/. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Durodié, B. (2003). “The true cost of precautionary chemicals regulation.” Risk Analysis 23(2): 389–398. doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00318. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Löfstedt, R. (2003). “Science communication and the Swedish acrylamide ‘alarm’.” Journal of Health Communication 8: 407–432. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- European Risk Forum (2014). “The Innovation Principle: stimulating innovation, jobs and growth.” Open letter to J.-C. Juncker, 4 November 2014, following the chief executives’ letter of 9 October 2013. Archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20161106183926/http://www.riskforum.eu/uploads/2/5/7/1/25710097/innovation_principle_letter_4_nov.pdf. And (2015), Highlights Note 03: Precaution, December 2015 (archived at the same location). Cited in: 01 §2.6, §5.3, §5.6, §6.4.
- The Risk-Monger (D. Zaruk) (2013). “Late Lessons from Early Warnings II: how the EEA is trying to disguise environmental activism as science”, 28 January 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/2015/http://risk-monger.blogactiv.eu/2013/01/28/late-lessons-ii-how-the-eea-is-trying-to-disguise-environmental-activism-as-science/; and “Late Lessons 2 and the Great Precaution False Positive Pooh-Pooh”, 20 March 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/2015/http://risk-monger.blogactiv.eu/2013/03/20/late-lessons-2-and-the-great-precaution-false-positive-pooh-pooh/. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Sandin, P., Peterson, M., Hansson, S.O., Rudén, C. and Juthe, A. (2002). “Five charges against the precautionary principle.” Journal of Risk Research 5(4): 287–299. doi:10.1080/13669870110073729. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Steel, D. (2015). Philosophy and the Precautionary Principle: Science, Evidence, and Environmental Policy. Cambridge University Press. Cited in: 01 §5.3.
- Gee, D. (2009). “Late lessons from early warnings: towards realism and precaution with EMF?” Pathophysiology 16: 217–231. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.004. (The source of the 2013 report’s table of “years of substantial inaction”.) Cited in: 01 App. A.
1.3 Later evidence on the cases: reviews, studies and assessments#
Post-publication evidence cited by name in the analyses’ checks of how the reports’ claims have held up, and in the essay’s notes on the cases.
- Cohen, M.A. and Tubb, A. (2018). “The impact of environmental regulation on firm and country competitiveness: a meta-analysis of the Porter hypothesis.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 5(2): 371–399. doi:10.1086/695613. Cited in: 01 §4.4, §6.7; 03 §6.1.
- Jarvis, S., Deschenes, O. and Jha, A. (2022). “The private and external costs of Germany’s nuclear phase-out.” Journal of the European Economic Association 20(3): 1311–1346. doi:10.1093/jeea/jvac007. Cited in: 01 §6.8.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). A Quadrennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative: Nanoscience, Applications, and Commercialization. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/25729. Cited in: 01 §3.6, §4.4.
- Wasserstein, R.L. and Lazar, N.A. (2016). “The ASA statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose.” The American Statistician 70(2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. American Statistical Association statement of 7 March 2016: https://www.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/p-valuestatement.pdf. Cited in: 01 §3.6, §4.1, App. A.
- EFSA Scientific Committee (2018). “Guidance on uncertainty analysis in scientific assessments.” EFSA Journal 16(1): 5123. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5123. Cited in: 01 §3.6.
- Bouvard, V. et al. (IARC Monograph Working Group) (2015). “Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat.” Lancet Oncology 16: 1599–1600. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1. Cited in: 01 §5.2.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2025). “Volume 138: Automotive gasoline and some oxygenated gasoline additives” (news release, 21 March 2025), https://monographs.iarc.who.int/news-events/volume-138-automotive-gasoline-and-some-oxygenated-gasoline-additives/; summary in Turner, M.C. et al., Lancet Oncology, 21 March 2025, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00165-2. The evaluation that classified gasoline in Group 1 and MTBE in Group 2B. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A.
- Baan, R. et al. (2011). “Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.” Lancet Oncology 12: 624–626. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70147-4. The IARC evaluation classifying radiofrequency fields as “possibly carcinogenic” (Group 2B). Cited in: 01 App. A; 04 n. 5.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2024). Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2025–2029. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/AGP_Report_2025-2029.pdf. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A.
- Karipidis, K. et al. (2024). “The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: a systematic review of human observational studies – Part I.” Environment International 191: 108983. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.108983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108983. A WHO-commissioned systematic review. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A; 04 n. 5.
- Coureau, G. et al. (2014). “Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine. doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101754. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A.
- Momoli, F. et al. (2017). “Probabilistic multiple-bias modeling applied to the Canadian data from the Interphone study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 186. doi:10.1093/aje/kwx157. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A.
- Bouaoun, L. et al. (2024). “Effects of recall and selection biases on modeling cancer risk from mobile phone use: results from a case-control simulation study.” Epidemiology 35: 437–446. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000001749. Cited in: 01 §5.2.
- UNSCEAR (2021–22). UNSCEAR 2020/2021 Report, Volume II, Scientific Annex B: Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report. United Nations. https://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/areas-of-work/fukushima.html. Cited in: 01 §5.2, App. A.
- GBD 2023 Lead Collaborators (2026). “Lead-attributable cardiovascular disease burden: Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.” JAMA, 1 April 2026. doi:10.1001/jama.2026.2197. (The source of the 3.5 million estimate; the analyses compare it with the lower GBD 2019 estimate.) Cited in: 01 §4.5, App. A.
- Montzka, S.A. et al. (2018). “An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11.” Nature, 16 May 2018. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0106-2. Cited in: 03 §4.11.
- Farman, J.C., Gardiner, B.G. and Shanklin, J.D. (1985). “Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction.” Nature 315: 207–210. doi:10.1038/315207a0. Cited in: 04 n. 8.
- World Meteorological Organization and UN Environment Programme (2022). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022, Executive Summary. https://csl.noaa.gov/assessments/ozone/2022/executivesummary/. Cited in: 04 n. 8.
- Egan et al. (2021). Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/EHP7932. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7932. Cited for the fall in US blood lead levels after lead was phased out. Cited in: 04 n. 7.
- European Court of Auditors (2018). Special Report 25/2018, on the EU Floods Directive. https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR18_25/SR_FLOODS_EN.pdf. Cited in: 01 §4.6.
- Sénat (French Senate) (2005). Rapport d’information n° 37 (2005–2006) on asbestos, 26 October 2005. https://www.senat.fr/rap/r05-037-1/r05-037-1.html. Cited in: 01 §4.5.
1.4 Regulatory decisions and court judgments#
- Court of First Instance, Case T-13/99, Pfizer Animal Health SA v Council, judgment of 11 September 2002, ECLI:EU:T:2002:209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61999TJ0013. Cited in: 01 §3.3, §4.6, §5.4, §6.5 …; 03 §4.3, App. A.
- Court of Justice (Grand Chamber), Case C-616/17, Blaise and Others, judgment of 1 October 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:800. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62017CJ0616. Cited in: 01 §3.2, §3.6, §6.5.
- Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1907/oj. Cited in: 01 §3.6, §5.4, App. A.
- Regulation (EU) 2019/1381 of 20 June 2019 on the transparency and sustainability of the EU risk assessment in the food chain (the Transparency Regulation). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1381/oj. Cited in: 01 §3.2, §3.6, §6.5; 03 §4.4, §4.7.
- Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law (the Whistleblower Directive). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1937/oj. Cited in: 01 §3.6; 03 §4.2.
- Directive (EU) 2026/805 of 30 March 2026 amending Directives 2000/60/EC, 2006/118/EC and 2008/105/EC (water pollutants, including the standard for the synthetic oestrogen EE2). http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2026/805/oj. Cited in: 01 App. A.
- EFSA CEP Panel (2023). “Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs.” EFSA Journal 21(4): 6857. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857. Followed by Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/3190 of 19 December 2024 on BPA and other bisphenols in food contact materials, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/3190/oj. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A.
- EFSA (2018). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for clothianidin (with companion reviews for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam). EFSA Journal 16(2): 5177. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5177. Followed by Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) 2018/783, 2018/784 and 2018/785. Related judgments: General Court, Cases T-429/13 and T-451/13, Bayer CropScience and Others v Commission, 17 May 2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62013TJ0429; Court of Justice, Case C-499/18 P, 6 May 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62018CJ0499. Cited in: 01 §5.4, §6.9, App. A.
- US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2017). Occupational Exposure to Beryllium; Final Rule. 82 FR 2470, 9 January 2017. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/09/2016-30409/occupational-exposure-to-beryllium. Cited in: 01 §4.3, App. A.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (2024). Asbestos Part 1; Chrysotile Asbestos; Regulation of Certain Conditions of Use Under TSCA. Final rule, 89 FR 21970, 28 March 2024. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/03/28/2024-05972/asbestos-part-1-chrysotile-asbestos-regulation-of-certain-conditions-of-use-under-the-toxic. Cited in: 01 §4.2, App. A.
- Government of Canada (2018). Prohibition of Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos Regulations, SOR/2018-196, in force 30 December 2018. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2018-196/FullText.html. Cited in: 01 App. A.
- Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (2016). UNEP Ozone Secretariat. https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol/amendments/kigali-amendment-2016-amendment-montreal-protocol-agreed. Cited in: 01 §5.4, App. A.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (2021). Removal of the vacated rule “Strengthening Transparency in Pivotal Science Underlying Significant Regulatory Actions”, 86 FR 29515, 2 June 2021 (following Environmental Defense Fund v. EPA, D. Mont., 2021). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/06/02/2021-11317/strengthening-transparency-in-pivotal-science-underlying-significant-regulatory-actions-and. Cited in: 01 §3.6, §4.6.
- United States v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 566 F.3d 1095 (D.C. Cir., 22 May 2009), affirming the 2006 district-court finding that tobacco manufacturers conspired to deny the health effects of smoking. https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/187362/united-states-v-philip-morris-usa-inc/. Cited in: 01 App. A.
- Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc., 639 F.3d 11 (1st Cir., 22 March 2011). http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/09-2270P-01A.pdf. Cited in: 01 §4.6, §5.6, §6.6, §6.9 ….
2. Jensen Huang and Nvidia#
2.1 The interview#
- The Ezra Klein Show, “Jensen Huang Thinks A.I. Alarmism Has Gone Too Far”, The New York Times (Opinion), 23 September 2026. Episode page with the official edited transcript: https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/23/opinion/ezra-klein-podcast-jensen-huang.html. Apple Podcasts listing: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jensen-huang-thinks-a-i-alarmism-has-gone-too-far/id1548604447?i=1000791251478. A corrected machine transcript is published on this site: transcript-klein-huang-2026-09-23. Cited in: 02 throughout; 03 throughout; 04 n. 1; 06 §1.2, App. B.
- Klein, E. (2026). “We’re Not Losing Control of A.I. We’re Giving It Away” (column) and “We Can’t Lose Control of A.I.” (solo episode), The New York Times, 20 September 2026. Known to the analyses from the episode notes; the column was not read directly. Cited in: 02 §2.4, §3.9; 06 §4.5, §8.2.
2.2 Huang’s own words, 2012-2026#
Listed in date order. The source types follow 02 (Appendix C): primary (an official or host-published transcript, or an Nvidia publication), unofficial transcript, or press report quoting him.
- NPR, 20 February 2012, on Huang’s schooling at Oneida Baptist Institute (press report quoting him). https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/02/20/147162496/tech-pioneer-channels-hard-lessons-into-silicon-valley-success. Cited in: 02 §2.1, App. C.
- Acquired podcast, interview with Jensen Huang, October 2023 (primary). https://www.acquired.fm/episodes/jensen-huang. Unofficial transcript: https://podscripts.co/podcasts/acquired/nvidia-ceo-jensen-huang. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §2.1, §3.13, §4.1 …; 03 §8.4.
- The New Yorker, profile of Huang and Nvidia, 4 December 2023 (press report quoting him). https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/04/how-jensen-huangs-nvidia-is-powering-the-ai-revolution. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §8.1, App. C; 03 §4.8.
- Nvidia, Huang’s commencement address at National Taiwan University (NTU), 27 May 2023 (primary). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/huang-ntu-commencement/. Cited in: 02 §2.1, App. C.
- Nvidia, Huang at the World Governments Summit, 12 February 2024 (primary). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/world-governments-summit/. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Huang on first-principles thinking, 2024 (primary). https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/jensen-huang-how-use-first-principles-thinking-drive-decisions. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §4.2, §4.5, §7.3 …; 03 §4.4, §8.4.
- CNBC, on Huang’s March 2024 talk at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (“pain and suffering”) (press report quoting him). https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/15/nvidia-ceo-huang-at-stanford-pain-and-suffering-breeds-success.html. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §4.5, App. C.
- Nvidia, Huang’s Caltech commencement address, 2024 (primary). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/jensen-huang-caltech-commencement-address/. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §4.5, App. C; 06 §4.7.
- CBS News, 60 Minutes transcript, 2024 (primary). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/meet-nvida-ceo-jensen-huang-company-powering-ai-today-60-minutes-transcript/. Cited in: 02 §2.1, App. C.
- Fortune, on Huang’s remarks about Dario Amodei at VivaTech, 11 June 2025 (press report quoting him). https://fortune.com/2025/06/11/nvidia-jensen-huang-disagress-anthropic-ceo-dario-amodei-ai-jobs/. Cited in: 02 §8.1, §9.2, App. C; 03 §4.9.
- Fortune, on Huang’s CNN interview of July 2025 (“If the world runs out of ideas…”) (press report quoting him). https://fortune.com/2025/07/15/jensen-huang-nvidia-ai-layoffs-jobs/. Cited in: 02 §4.2, App. C.
- CNBC, on Huang’s remarks at a Financial Times summit and Nvidia’s clarifying statement, 5–6 November 2025 (press report quoting him). https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/06/jensen-huang-says-china-will-win-the-ai-race-before-clarifying-in-a-statement-nvidia-trump-xi.html. Cited in: 02 §8.1, App. C.
- CNBC, on Huang on Capitol Hill (GAIN AI Act; state regulation), 3 December 2025 (press report quoting him). https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/03/nvidias-jensen-huang-talks-chip-controls-with-trump-hits-regulation.html. Cited in: 02 §7.3, §8.1, §9.1, §9.2 ….
- The Joe Rogan Experience #2422, 3 December 2025 (unofficial transcript). https://podscripts.co/podcasts/the-joe-rogan-experience/2422-jensen-huang. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §4.2, §4.5, §9.1 …; 03 §4.11, §8.4.
- Nvidia, Huang in conversation with Larry Fink at the World Economic Forum, Davos, 21 January 2026 (primary). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/davos-wef-blackrock-ceo-larry-fink-jensen-huang/. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §9.1, §9.2, App. C.
- Nvidia, “AI Is a 5-Layer Cake”, Nvidia blog, 10 March 2026 (primary). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/ai-5-layer-cake. Cited in: 02 §3.1, §4.1, App. C.
- CNBC, Mad Money transcript, 17 March 2026 (“has agency”). https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/17/cnbc-exclusive-transcript-nvidia-founder-ceo-jensen-huang-speaks-with-cnbcs-jim-cramer-on-mad-money-today.html. Cited in: 02 §4, §8.1, App. C.
- Lex Fridman Podcast #494, 23 March 2026 (primary). https://lexfridman.com/jensen-huang-transcript/. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §4.2, §9.1, App. C; 03 §4.1, §4.2, §6.1, §8.3.
- Dwarkesh Patel, interview with Jensen Huang, 15 April 2026 (primary). https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/jensen-huang. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §3.11, §4.2, §4.4 …; 03 §10.4.
- Ars Technica, on Huang in Taipei (Taiwan spending), 27 May 2026 (press report quoting him). https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/05/nvidia-ceo-wants-taiwan-to-be-center-of-ai-revolution-not-us/. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- CNBC, on Huang declining to testify to the Senate Banking Committee, June 2026 (press report). https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/08/nvidia-jensen-huang-senate-elizabeth-warren-ai-china-export-controls.html. Cited in: 02 §2.2, §4.2, App. C.
- CNBC, on Nvidia’s annual meeting (“National security comes first”), 24 June 2026 (press report quoting him). https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/24/nvidia-huang-data-center-smuggled-chips.html. Cited in: 02 §9.1, App. C.
- Industry letter, Open Weights and American AI Leadership, hosted by Nvidia, July 2026. https://images.nvidia.com/pdf/Open-Weights-and-American-AI-Leadership.pdf. With Fortune’s report on the letter and Huang’s first X post, 24 July 2026: https://fortune.com/2026/07/24/jensen-huang-open-source-letter-nvidia-kimi/. Cited in: 02 §2.3, App. C; 03 §9.1, §9.5.
- CNBC, Squawk Box transcript, Huang with Hugging Face chief executive Clément Delangue, 3 September 2026. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/03/cnbc-exclusive-transcript-nvidia-founder-ceo-jensen-huang-and-hugging-face-ceo-clment-delangue-speak-with-cnbcs-becky-quick-on-squawk-box-today.html. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §8.1, App. C; 03 §4.8.
- All-In Summit, Huang on stage, 14 September 2026, including President Trump’s call (unofficial transcript). https://podscripts.co/podcasts/all-in-with-chamath-jason-sacks-friedberg/jensen-huang-the-doomer-hoax-superintelligence-is-here-and-the-future-of-ai-ft-president-trump. CNBC on the Trump call: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/14/trump-phones-nvidia-huang-all-in-calls-data-center-opposition-hoax.html. Cited in: 02 §1.4, §2.3, §3.6, §3.9 …; 03 §4.2, §4.4, §4.7, §4.9 ….
- Nvidia, Huang at Dreamforce, 15 September 2026 (primary). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/jensen-huang-dreamforce/. With TechCrunch’s report of the same day: https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/15/we-dont-need-ai-regulation-leave-safety-to-us-nvidias-jensen-huang-says/. Cited in: 02 In brief, §2.3, §2.4, §4.2 …; 03 §3.4, §4.3, §4.7, §9.2; 06 §4.0.
- CNBC, Mad Money, 15 September 2026 (press report quoting him). https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/15/nvidia-huang-ai-slowdown-antitrust.html. Cited in: 02 §2.4, §10.3, App. C.
- CNBC, on Huang’s remarks in Scotland, 17 September 2026 (press report quoting him). https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/17/nvidia-huang-ai-chip-guidance.html. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §4.2, §8.1, §9.1 …; 03 §3.4; 06 §8.2.
- CBS News, Huang interview, 20 September 2026 (“0% chance”). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jensen-huang-nvidia-rejects-ai-extinction-warnings/. With Fortune on the broadcast, 21 September (“ulterior reasons”), https://fortune.com/2026/09/21/jensen-huang-ai-leaders-doomsday-narratives/, and The Guardian, 21 September, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/sep/21/nvidia-boss-jensen-huang-dismisses-warnings-ai-destroys-world-anthropic. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §3.7, §5.6, §8.1 …; 03 §2, §3.4, §4.2, §4.9 …; 06 §4.0, §4.7.
- CNN, Huang interview, 24 September 2026 (after the recording; not viewed). https://www.cnn.com/2026/09/24/us/video/achuangsot1. Cited in: 02 App. C.
2.3 Biography#
- Witt, S. (2025). The Thinking Machine. Read through reviews: The New York Times, 5 April 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/05/books/review/the-thinking-machine-stephen-witt.html; The Guardian, 20 April 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/apr/20/the-thinking-machine-stephen-witt-review-nvidia-chip-company-jensen-huang. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §4, §5.4, App. B ….
- Nvidia, biography of Jensen Huang. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/bios/jensen-huang. Cited in: 02 App. C.
2.4 Nvidia filings and corporate statements#
- Nvidia Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 2026 (fiscal year ended 25 January 2026). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000021/nvda-20260125.htm. Cited in: 02 §2.1, §2.2, §8.4, App. B ….
- Nvidia Corporation, Form 10-Q for the quarter ended 26 July 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm. Cited in: 02 §2.2, §4.2, §6.2, §10.3 …; 03 §4.4.
- Nvidia Corporation, Form 8-K, 17 August 2026 (lease guarantees for a data-centre campus in Ohio). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000069/nvda-20260817.htm. Cited in: 02 §2.2, §4.2, App. C; 03 §4.4.
- Nvidia Corporation, Form 8-K, 2 September 2026 (agreement to acquire Hugging Face). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000078/nvda-20260902.htm. With Nvidia’s announcement: https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-to-acquire-hugging-face/. Cited in: 02 §1.5, §2.2, §2.3, App. C; 03 §3.4; 04 n. 2; 06 §8.2.
- Nvidia Corporation, financial results for the second quarter of fiscal 2027, August 2026. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-announces-financial-results-for-second-quarter-fiscal-2027. Unofficial earnings-call transcript (The Motley Fool, not independently confirmed): https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/08/31/nvidia-nvda-q2-2027-earnings-call-transcript/. Cited in: 02 §2.2, §6.2, App. B, App. C.
- Dally, B. (Nvidia chief scientist), testimony to the US Senate Judiciary Committee, 12 September 2023. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-09-12_pm_-_testimony_-_dally.pdf. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §8.1, §9.1, App. C; 03 §4.2, §9.2.
- Nvidia, “No Backdoors. No Kill Switches. No Spyware.”, Nvidia blog, 5 August 2025. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/no-backdoors-no-kill-switches-no-spyware/. Cited in: 02 §2.2, §10.3, App. C; 03 §9.1.
- Nvidia, launch of the Open Secure AI Alliance, 27 July 2026. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/open-secure-ai-alliance/. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §4.2, §7.3, §9.1 ….
- Zdjelar, S. (Nvidia), “AI security is an engineering problem”, Nvidia blog, 21 September 2026. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/ai-security-agent-stack/. Cited in: 02 §4.2, App. C.
- Nvidia, GTC 2026 announcements (OpenShell, NemoClaw). https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/gtc-2026-news/. Cited in: 02 §8.4, App. C.
- US Lobbying Disclosure Act filings for Nvidia. https://lda.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=NVIDIA. Cited in: 02 §2.2, App. C.
- CNBC, on Nvidia’s equity investments in AI companies, 9 May 2026. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/09/nvidia-embraces-ai-investor-topping-40-billion-in-equity-bets-2026.html. Cited in: 02 §2.2, App. C.
- Reuters, on Nvidia’s talks to invest in Anthropic’s initial public offering, 11 September 2026 (paywalled; read through other reports). https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/nvidia-talks-invest-anthropics-mega-ipo-sources-say-2026-09-11/. Cited in: 02 §2.2, §3.10, §4, §4.2 ….
3. The July-September 2026 events and the AI labs#
3.1 The OpenAI-Hugging Face incident and its aftermath#
Many facts about the incident come from the labs’ own reports; METR’s investigation is the independent account (03 §1.6, §3.4).
- METR (2026). Independent investigation of the OpenAI–Hugging Face incident, conducted at OpenAI’s request, 26 August 2026. https://metr.org/blog/2026-08-26-openai-hugging-face-incident-investigation/. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §1.5, §2.3, §3.5 …; 03 §1.6, §3.4, §4.4, §4.8 …; 04 n. 2; 06 §8.2.
- Hugging Face (2026). Security incident disclosure, 16 July 2026, https://huggingface.co/blog/security-incident-july-2026; and technical timeline of the agent intrusion, https://huggingface.co/blog/agent-intrusion-technical-timeline. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §2.3, §7.3, App. C; 03 §3.4, §4.8; 04 n. 2; 06 §8.2.
- OpenAI (2026). Technical report on the OpenAI–Hugging Face incident, 26 August 2026. https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/67869394-cb91-4c12-888c-5cbd85c7814c/OpenAI-Hugging-Face%20Incident-Technical-Report.pdf. Cited in: 04 n. 2; 06 §8.2.
- OpenAI (2026). “The Hugging Face incident and the road ahead”, 26 August 2026 (partly inaccessible; read in part through other sources). https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-incident-and-the-road-ahead/. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- OpenAI (2026). “Pacing model development in an era of cyber-critical capabilities”, 18 August 2026. https://openai.com/index/pacing-model-development-cyber-capabilities/. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- OpenAI (2026). GPT-6 Astra system card, September 2026. https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §2.3, §4.2, §6.1 …; 03 §3.4, §4.1, §4.9, §4.12 …; 06 §8.2.
- OpenAI (2026). Notice on the Hugging Face incident and misalignment (“dozens of third parties”), 25 September 2026 (after the recording). https://openai.com/hugging-face-incident-and-misalignment/. Cited in: 02 §1.5, §2.3, §8.1, §10.4; 03 §3.4, §12.1; 06 §8.2.
- Selsam, D. (OpenAI researcher), personal statement on evaluation awareness, 14 September 2026. https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQNl3SEX5IyA6d9qHjjFZN-qzGRZNFI6b63g-yu1Fy-ZYkVfCWm7i9WXRXw63m6yDB_auDuPLyQ7jBm/pub. Cited in: 02 §1.4, §2.3, §3.6, §6.2 …; 03 §4.1.
- UK AI Security Institute (2026). Incident report on unsanctioned agent behaviour during cyber testing, July 2026. https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/incident-report-unsanctioned-agent-behaviour-during-cyber-testing. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §8.1, App. A, App. C; 03 §1.6, §3.4, §7.1, §10.5.
- Transluce (2026). Report on continuing agent activity. https://transluce.org/agent-activity. Cited in: 02 §1.5, §2.3, §8.1, App. C; 03 §1.6, §3.4, §10.3, §11.1.
- Anthropic (2026). “Improving our alignment and security efforts”, 31 August 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/news/improving-alignment-security-efforts. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- Anthropic (2026). “An alignment assessment of recent cybersecurity incidents”, 9 September 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/research/alignment-assessment-cybersecurity-incidents. Cited in: 02 §6.2, §8.1, §9.3, App. C; 03 §3.4, §4.2, §4.9, §10.5.
3.2 The pacing debate and the labs’ positions#
- “Pacing the Frontier” (2026). Statement signed by frontier-lab employees in a personal capacity (1,386 signatories as of 26 September 2026), 28 July 2026. https://www.pacingthefrontier.com/. Cited in: 02 §1.2, §1.5, §2.3, §3.6 …; 03 §3.4; 04 n. 3; 06 §4.3, §8.2.
- Amodei, D. (2026). “We Must Pace the Frontier”, 12 September 2026. https://darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §10.3, App. C; 03 §3.4; 04 n. 3; 06 §8.2.
- Amodei, D. (2026). “The Adolescence of Technology”, January 2026. https://www.darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology. Cited in: 02 §7.3, App. C.
- Anthropic (2026). “When AI builds itself”, June 2026 (updated September). https://www.anthropic.com/institute/recursive-self-improvement. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §10.3, App. A, App. C; 06 §8.2.
- OpenAI (2026). A blueprint for a federal framework, June 2026, https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/25752ecb-0e5c-47f9-b9e4-c0f4d76f8d3d/a-blueprint-for-a-federal-framework.pdf; overview: https://openai.com/index/frontier-safety-blueprint/. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §5.3, §6.2, §9.2 ….
- Lehane, C. (OpenAI) (2026). “The AI policy window is open”, 9 September 2026. https://openai.com/index/ai-policy-window/. Cited in: 02 §10.3, App. C.
- Pachocki, J. (OpenAI chief scientist) (2026). “An Alien Mind”, 6 September 2026. https://openai.com/index/an-alien-mind/. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §3.7, §9.2, App. A …; 03 §3.5, §8.4, §8.5, §9.1 …; 06 §5.2.
- OpenAI (2026). Statement on recursive self-improvement and standards, 21 September 2026 (read through an archive copy). https://openai.com/index/building-standards-next-phase-ai/. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §3.9, App. C; 06 §8.2.
- Altman, S. (2026). Remarks to the UN Security Council, 23 September 2026 (after the recording). https://openai.com/index/sam-altman-un-security-council-remarks/. UN meeting record SC/16462: https://press.un.org/en/sc/16462.doc.htm. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §4.2, §7.3, §9.2 …; 03 §6.1.
- Zuckerberg, M. (2026). Interview with NBC News, 24 September 2026 (after the recording). https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/mark-zuckerberg-interview-ai-slowdown-meta-muse-openai-chatgpt-rcna599279. Cited in: 02 §9.2, §10.3, App. C; 03 §9, §9.1, §9.2, §9.3 ….
4. Policy and government documents#
4.1 European precaution and innovation policy#
- European Commission (2000). Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle. COM(2000) 1 final, 2 February 2000. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0001. Cited in: 01 §2.6, §3.4.
- Bourguignon, D. (2015). The precautionary principle: definitions, applications and governance. European Parliamentary Research Service, in-depth analysis PE 573.876. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/573876/EPRS_IDA(2015)573876_EN.pdf. Cited in: 01 §2.6.
- Council of the European Union (Competitiveness), conclusions of 27 May 2016 calling for the “innovation principle” to be applied. Cited in: 01 §2.6.
- Regulation (EU) 2021/695 establishing Horizon Europe, recital 6 (the “innovation principle”). http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32021R0695. Cited in: 01 §2.6.
4.2 US policy#
- Executive Order 14303, “Restoring Gold Standard Science”, signed 23 May 2025, 90 FR 22601. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/05/29/2025-09802/restoring-gold-standard-science. Cited in: 01 §4.6, §6.5.
- Executive Order 14409, “Promoting Advanced AI Innovation and Security”, 2 June 2026 (a voluntary pre-release access framework). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/06/05/2026-11415/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security. Cited in: 02 §2.3, §4.2, §10.2, §10.3 …; 03 §3.4, §5.3, §10.1.
- Executive Order 14365, “Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI”, December 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/16/2025-23092/ensuring-a-national-policy-framework-for-artificial-intelligence. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- National Telecommunications and Information Administration (2024). Report on open model weights. https://www.ntia.gov/issues/artificial-intelligence/open-model-weights-report. Cited in: 02 §7.3, §8.4, App. A, App. C.
- NIST CAISI (2025). Evaluation of DeepSeek AI models, September 2025. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2025/09/caisi-evaluation-deepseek-ai-models-finds-shortcomings-and-risks. Cited in: 02 §4.2, App. A, App. C.
- US House Foreign Affairs Committee (2026). Press release on the AI OVERWATCH Act, 21 January 2026. https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/press-releases/chairman-mast-hfac-advances-ai-overwatch-act. Cited in: 02 §2.2, App. C.
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2024). Automatic emergency braking rule for light vehicles, Federal Register, 26 November 2024. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/11/26/2024-27349/federal-motor-vehicle-safety-standards-automatic-emergency-braking-systems-for-light-vehicles. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §8.1, App. A, App. C.
- Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (2011). Final report, conclusions. https://fcic-static.law.stanford.edu/cdn_media/fcic-reports/fcic_final_report_conclusions.pdf. Cited in: 02 §4.2, App. C.
5. Scholarly literature and data#
Critiques and defences of the reports and of the precautionary principle are listed in section 1.2, and later scientific evidence on the reports’ cases in section 1.3.
5.1 Risk, uncertainty and the control of technology#
- Wynne, B. (1992). “Uncertainty and environmental learning: reconceiving science and policy in the preventive paradigm.” Global Environmental Change 2(2): 111–127. doi:10.1016/0959-3780(92)90017-2. Cited in: 01 §2.6.
- Stirling, A. (1999). On Science and Precaution in the Management of Technological Risk. Final summary report of the ESTO project “Technological Risk and the Management of Uncertainty”, for the European Commission Forward Studies Unit (published by JRC-IPTS as EUR 19056 EN, 2001). Cited in: 01 §2.2, §2.6, §3.2, §4.10 ….
- Collingridge, D. (1980). The Social Control of Technology. Frances Pinter. (The “Collingridge dilemma”; 01 notes that neither report cites it.) Cited in: 01 §2.6, §6.2.
5.2 AI, work, energy and public opinion#
Research and data used mainly to check claims made in the interview.
- Brynjolfsson, Chandar and Chen. “Canaries in the Coal Mine?”, Stanford, revised 12 August 2026. https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/publications/canaries-in-the-coal-mine/. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §7.3, §9.2, App. C; 03 §4.6.
- Crane and Soto. “AI and Coder Employment: Compiling the Evidence”, Federal Reserve, March 2026. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/ai-and-coder-employment-compiling-the-evidence.htm. Cited in: 02 §7.3, §9.2, App. C.
- Autor, Dorn and Hanson. “The China Shock”, NBER Working Paper w21906. https://www.nber.org/papers/w21906. Cited in: 02 §8.2, App. C.
- Strömberg, Lei and Wu. CEPR Discussion Paper 21577 (the Chinese schooling study). https://cepr.org/publications/dp21577. Cited in: 02 §3.3, §6.2, App. A, App. C.
- Bentley-Gallup (2026). Survey on Americans’ views of AI and jobs, May 2026. https://news.gallup.com/poll/712751/americans-cool-toward.aspx. Cited in: 02 §3.2, §6.2, App. A, App. C.
- Mousa, D. (2025). “AI isn’t replacing radiologists”, Works in Progress. https://www.worksinprogress.news/p/why-ai-isnt-replacing-radiologists. Cited in: 02 §7.3, App. C.
- Gong, B. et al. (2019). “Influence of artificial intelligence on Canadian medical students’ preference for radiology specialty.” Academic Radiology 26(4): 566–577. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2018.10.007. Cited in: 02 §7.3, App. C; 03 §6.1.
- National Resident Matching Program (2026). Main Residency Match Results and Data 2026. https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Main_Match_Results_and_Data-2026.pdf. Cited in: 04 n. 6.
- Wilson Research Group (2022). Functional verification study, reported in Siemens Verification Horizons, part 8, 12 December 2022. https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/verificationhorizons/2022/12/12/part-8-the-2022-wilson-research-group-functional-verification-study/. Cited in: 02 §4.4, §7.2, App. B, App. C.
- Legg, S. and Hutter, M. (2007). “A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence.” https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.3639. Cited in: 02 §6.2, App. C.
- US Energy Information Administration, electricity generation, capacity and sales in the United States, https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us-generation-capacity-and-sales.php; and Electric Power Annual, Table 1.1, https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_01_01.html. Cited in: 02 §4.2, §8.4, App. A, App. C.
- Hausfather, Z. (2026). On the energy use of agentic AI, The Climate Brink, August 2026. https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-real-energy-use-of-agentic-ai. Cited in: 02 §8.1, §9.2, App. C.
6. Andrew Maynard’s own work#
Analyses 05 and 06 are built on Maynard’s published work, and 01 cites the papers he co-wrote on nanotechnology and early warnings. He co-authored the 2013 report’s nanotechnology chapter (section 1.1). Items are cited in the analyses by the short keys given here. His Substack posts are linked to the plain-text mirror of The Future of Being Human at text.futureofbeinghuman.com/substack; his essays are at andrewmaynard.net. A fuller bibliography of his publications on risk, emerging technologies and AI is also available.
6.1 Books#
- Maynard, A.D. (2018). Films from the Future: The Technology and Morality of Sci-Fi Movies. Mango Publishing. Cited as “FFTF”. Cited in: 05 §1, §2.1, §2.2, §2.3 …; 06 §1.1, §1.2, §3.1, §3.2 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2020). Future Rising: A Journey from the Past to the Edge of Tomorrow. Mango Publishing. Cited as “FR”. Free excerpts: https://andrewmaynard.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Future-Rising-Part-I.pdf. Cited in: 05 §1, §2.2, §2.10, §3 …; 06 §1.2, §3.8, §3.9, §4.7 ….
6.2 Papers, reports and chapters, 2005-2019#
- Oberdörster, Maynard et al. (2005). “Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2: 8. The ILSI screening-strategy report; Maynard second of fourteen authors. Key: ILSI 2005. Cited in: 05 §1, §5, §6.1, §8 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2006). Nanotechnology: A Research Strategy for Addressing Risk. Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN), Woodrow Wilson Center. Key: PEN 2006. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §3, §5, §6.1 …; 06 §3.8, §4.10, §5.3, §6.4 ….
- Maynard, A.D. et al. (2006). “Safe handling of nanotechnology.” Nature 444: 267–269. doi:10.1038/444267a. Maynard lead author of fourteen. Key: Nature 2006. Cited in: 01 App. A; 05 §5, §6.1, §7, §8 …; 06 §3.6, §4.5, §8.4, §9.2 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2007). “Nanotechnology: the next big thing, or much ado about nothing?” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 51: 1–12. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mel071. His 2006 Warner Lecture. Key: AOH 2007. Cited in: 05 §4, §5, §6.1, §6.5 …; 06 §3.6, §5.4, §6.4, §9.2 ….
- Hansen, S.F., Maynard, A.D., Baun, A. and Tickner, J.A. (2008). “Late lessons from early warnings for nanotechnology.” Nature Nanotechnology 3(8): 444–447. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.198. A test of nanotechnology against the twelve lessons of the 2001 report; the 2013 report’s nanotechnology chapter updates it. Cited in: 01 §1.5, §2.4, App. A; 05 §1, §3, §5, §6.2 …; 06 §1.4, §3.6, §6.1, App. A ….
- Poland, Duffin, Kinloch, Maynard et al. (2008). “Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity.” Nature Nanotechnology 3: 423–428. The carbon-nanotube early warning used in the 2013 report’s nanotechnology chapter. Cited in: 01 §5.6, App. A.
- Maynard, Bowman and Hodge (2010). “Conclusions: triggers, gaps, risks and trust.” In International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies, pp. 573–586. Key: Handbook 2010. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.1, §6.2, §6.5 ….
- Maynard, Warheit and Philbert (2011). “The new toxicology of sophisticated materials: nanotoxicology and beyond.” Toxicological Sciences 120(S1): S109–S129. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq372. Key: Toxicol. Sci. 2011. Cited in: 05 §2.3, §2.9, §3, §5 …; 06 §1.5, §3.1, §3.5, §3.6 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2011). “Don’t define nanomaterials.” Nature 475: 31. doi:10.1038/475031a. Key: Nature 2011. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §2.3, §3, §5 …; 06 §3.1, §3.4, §3.5, §3.6 ….
- Maynard, Bowman and Hodge (2011). “The problem of regulating sophisticated materials.” Nature Materials 10: 554–557. doi:10.1038/nmat3085. Key: Nat. Mater. 2011. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.1, §8, §9 ….
- Scherer, Maynard, Dolinoy, Fagerlin and Zikmund-Fisher (2014). “The psychology of ‘regrettable substitutions’.” Health, Risk & Society 16: 649–666. doi:10.1080/13698575.2014.969687. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.1, §7, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D. and Aitken, R.J. (2016). “‘Safe handling of nanotechnology’ ten years on.” Nature Nanotechnology 11: 998–1000. doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.270. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.2, §6.5, §7 …; 06 §5.4, §5.5, §6.1, §7.3 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2017). “Rethinking Risk.” In E. Finn and J. Eschrich (eds), Visions, Ventures, Escape Velocities, ASU Center for Science and the Imagination, pp. 193–201. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §2.3, §2.5, §5 …; 06 §3.1, §3.2, §4.3, §9.1 ….
- Stilgoe and Maynard (2017). “It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.” The Guardian, 1 February 2017. Cited in: 05 §6.3, §7, App. C.
- Maynard and Garbee (2019). “Responsible innovation in a culture of entrepreneurship: a US perspective.” In von Schomberg and Hankins (eds), International Handbook on Responsible Innovation, pp. 488–502. doi:10.4337/9781784718862.00043. Adapted as the post of 13 August 2019. Cited in: 05 §1, App. A; 06 §1.4.
6.3 Testimony and proposals for institutions#
- Maynard, A.D. Testimony to the US House of Representatives: statement to the Committee on Science, 21 September 2006; written testimony to the Committee on Science and Technology, 31 October 2007; and written testimony on the National Nanotechnology Initiative Amendments Act, 16 April 2008. Keys: Testimony 2006, 2007, 2008. Cited in: 05 §1, §2.6, §3, §5 …; 06 §3.4, §3.8, §4.3, §4.10 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2008). “Setting the nanotech research agenda.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 14 January 2008. Key: Bulletin 2008. Cited in: 05 §2.6, §5, §6.2, §6.3 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2008). Drafts of a World Economic Forum “breakthrough idea”, a “Global Institute on Emerging Technology Policy” (9 and 12 December 2008). The one-page idea is posted at https://andrewmaynard.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Emerging-Tech-breakthrough-idea_Maynard.pdf. Key: WEF 2008. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.3, §8, §9 …; 06 §9.2, App. A, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D. and Rejeski, D. (2009). “Nanotechnology: weighing the risks of regulation”, early draft of a commentary, posted on the 2020 Science blog, 8 July 2009. Key: Weighing 2009. Cited in: 05 App. C.
- World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council (2010). “A New Global Centre for Emerging Technology Intelligence”, drafted, by Maynard’s account, by Maynard and Tim Harper. https://andrewmaynard.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CETI_GRI_Published.pdf. Key: CETI 2010. Cited in: 05 §2.4, §5, §6.1, §6.3 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “Before the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Notes on an Institutional Prehistory”, andrewmaynard.net, 8 April 2026. https://andrewmaynard.net/2026/04/08/fourth-industrial-revolution-prehistory-wef-councils/. Key: Prehistory 2026. Cited in: 05 §6.3, §7, §8, §9 ….
6.4 Nature Nanotechnology “Thesis” columns, 2014-2016#
- Maynard, A.D. (2014). “A decade of uncertainty.” Nature Nanotechnology 9: 159–160. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.43. Key: NN 2014-03. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §3, §5, §6.1 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2014). “Is novelty overrated?” Nature Nanotechnology 9: 409–410. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.116. Key: NN 2014-06. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §2.3, §5, §6.1 …; 06 §3.5, §3.6, App. A, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D. (2014). “Old materials, new challenges?” Nature Nanotechnology 9: 658–659. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.196. Key: NN 2014-09. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §5, §6.1, §6.5 …; 06 §9.2, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D. (2014). “Could we 3D print an artificial mind?” Nature Nanotechnology 9: 955–956. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.294. Key: NN 2014-12. Cited in: 05 §6.2, §8, §9, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D. (2015). “The (nano) entrepreneur’s dilemma.” Nature Nanotechnology 10: 199–200. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.35. Key: NN 2015-03. Cited in: 05 §2.4, §3, §4, §5 …; 06 §3.7, §8.1, App. A, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D. (2015). “Learning from the past.” Nature Nanotechnology 10: 482–483. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.120. Key: NN 2015-06. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §4, §5, §6.1 …; 06 §3.1, §3.8, §6.2, §9.2 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2015). “Why we need risk innovation.” Nature Nanotechnology 10: 730–731. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.196. Key: NN 2015-09. Cited in: 05 §1, §2.1, §2.2, §2.3 …; 06 §3.1, §3.2, §3.5, §3.7 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2015). “Navigating the fourth industrial revolution.” Nature Nanotechnology 10: 1005–1006. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.286. Key: NN 2015-12. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §2.3, §3, §5 …; 06 §3.1, §3.4, §8.1, App. A ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2016). “Navigating the risk landscape.” Nature Nanotechnology 11: 211–212. doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.28. Key: NN 2016-03. Cited in: 05 §2.3, §3, §4, §5 …; 06 §1.5, §3.1, §3.2, §3.3 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2016). “Are we ready for spray-on carbon nanotubes?” Nature Nanotechnology 11: 490–491. doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.99. Key: NN 2016-06. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.2, §6.4, §8 …; 06 §5.3, §9.2, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D. (2016). “Is nanotech failing casual learners?” Nature Nanotechnology 11: 734–735. doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.167. Key: NN 2016-09. Cited in: 05 §2.7, §5, §6.3, §6.10 ….
6.5 2020 Science blog posts, 2008-2016#
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “U.S. nanotechnology risk research funding—separating fact from fiction”, 18 April 2008. Key: 2020science 2008a. Cited in: 05 §5, §8, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “Late lessons from early warnings”, 20 July 2008 (his framing of Hansen et al. 2008). https://2020science.org/2008/07/20/8720-late-lessons-from-early-warnings/. Key: 2020science 2008b. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.4, §8, App. A ….
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “Ten things everyone should know about nanotechnology safety”, 29 August 2009. Key: 2020science 2009. Cited in: 05 §2.1, §2.2, §2.6, §3 …; 06 §3.8, §4.1, App. A, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “Beyond the obvious – lessons from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill”, 25 October 2010. Key: 2020science 2010a. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.4, §8, §9 ….
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “Emerging technologies at the World Economic Forum – rethinking integrative approaches to global risks”, 30 November 2010. Key: 2020science 2010b. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.4, §7, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “What was worrying us about nanotechnology safety seven years ago?”, 9 August 2011. Key: 2020science 2011. Cited in: 05 §7, §8, App. C; 06 §6.2, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “Exploring speculated catastrophe and mundane reality”, 4 February 2012. Key: 2020science 2012. Cited in: 05 §2.4, §5, §6.5, §7 ….
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “Is 3D printing an artificial brain plausible? And what are the risks?”, 11 December 2014. Key: 2020science 2014. Cited in: 05 §2.9, §3, §5, §6.5 …; 06 §3.11, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D., 2020 Science blog: “What’s the latest on carbon nanotube safety?”, 15 June 2016. Key: 2020science 2016. Cited in: 05 §8, App. C.
6.6 Risk innovation and related work, 2019-2024#
- Risk Innovation Nexus (Arizona State University), programme materials, 2019–2020: website pages, risk definition and scenario cards, case studies. Unsigned programme materials of a programme Maynard directed. Key: Nexus 2019. Cited in: 05 §1, §4, §5, §6.1 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2020). “A New Chapter for the ASU Risk Innovation Nexus”, 23 October 2020, and the Nexus Culminating Report (October 2020). Key: Nexus 2020. Cited in: 05 §4, §7, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D. (2020). “Risk Innovation in a Time of Coronavirus”, 27 March 2020. Key: Coronavirus 2020. Cited in: 05 §2.9, §3, §5, §6.1 …; 06 §3.11, §9, App. B.
- Maynard and Scragg (2019). “The ethical and responsible development and application of advanced brain machine interfaces.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 21(10): e16321. doi:10.2196/16321. Key: BMI 2019. Cited in: 05 §7, §9, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D., Corey, Greaves, Kozar, Kwon and Scragg (2022). Conducting Socially Responsible and Ethical Counter Influence Operations Research: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Practitioners. Arizona State University and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Key: CIO guide 2022. Cited in: 05 §1, §6.1, §6.8, §7 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2023). Comments on the roadmap of the National Science Foundation’s Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships, July 2023. Key: NSF 2023. Cited in: 05 §6.4, §7, App. C.
- Richardson, C., Oster, N., Henriksen, D. and Mishra, P. (2023). “Artificial Intelligence, Responsible Innovation, and the Future of Humanity with Andrew Maynard.” TechTrends, December 2023. doi:10.1007/s11528-023-00921-2. Key: TechTrends 2023. Cited in: 05 §1, §2.1, §2.4, §2.8 …; 06 §3, §3.7, §4.1, App. A ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2023). “I Asked ChatGPT to Develop a College Class About Itself.” Slate, 16 July 2023. Key: Slate 2023. Cited in: 05 §1, §6.6, §6.8, §7 ….
- Maynard, A.D. and Dudley, S.M. (2023). “Navigating advanced technology transitions: using lessons from nanotechnology.” Nature Nanotechnology 18: 1118–1120. doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01481-5. With its companion in The Conversation, 2 October 2023: https://theconversation.com/navigating-the-risks-and-benefits-of-ai-lessons-from-nanotechnology-on-ensuring-emerging-technologies-are-safe-as-well-as-successful-210872. Keys: Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023; CONV 2023. Cited in: 05 §6.4, §7, §8, §9 ….
- Maynard, Oye, Scragg, Tripp and Wolf (2024). “Successfully bridging innovation and application.” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 52: 553–569. doi:10.1017/jme.2024.126. Key: JLME 2024. Cited in: 05 §2.9, §5, §6.1, §7 …; 06 §3.11, §9, App. B.
- Maynard, A.D. (2024). “Artificial intelligence is conspicuous by its absence in Denis Villeneuve’s Dune: Part Two. And this is important.” Jurimetrics 64(2): 163–167. Key: Dune 2024. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.6, §6.7, §7 ….
- Wang, J., Maynard, A.D., Lobo, J., Michael, K., Motsch, S. and Strumsky, D. (2024). “Knowledge combination analysis reveals that artificial intelligence research is more like ‘normal science’ than ‘revolutionary science’.” Proceedings of HICSS-57. doi:10.24251/hicss.2024.673. Key: HICSS 2024. Cited in: 05 §9, App. C.
6.7 Papers of 2026#
The analyses treat several of Maynard’s 2026 texts as partly AI-assisted and weigh them accordingly; 05 §1 (Provenance rules) sets out how.
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “The AI Cognitive Trojan Horse: How Large Language Models May Bypass Human Epistemic Vigilance.” arXiv:2601.07085 (v1 January, v2 May 2026). doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.07085. Key: Trojan 2026. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.1, §6.5, §6.8 …; 06 §1.4, §3.8, §3.9, §4.11 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “Constitutive Resonance as a Novel Framework for Understanding and Navigating Human-AI Interactions.” Preprint v3, March 2026, SSRN 6343880. doi:10.2139/ssrn.6343880. Key: CR 2026. Cited in: 05 §3, §5, §6.1, §6.5 …; 06 §3.8, §3.9, §4.2, §4.3 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “What the Rapid Adoption of the ‘Harness’ Metaphor in Artificial Intelligence Reveals About How We Conceptualize Human–AI Relations.” February 2026, SSRN 6352678. doi:10.2139/ssrn.6352678. Key: Harness 2026. Cited in: 05 §6.1, §6.5, §6.6, §9 …; 06 §3.5, §3.9, §4.2, §4.5 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “Can Modern Scholarship Escape AI?” January 2026, SSRN 6220040. A satire. Key: Scholarship 2026. Cited in: 05 §6.11, §9, App. C.
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “Orphan risks at the frontier of artificial intelligence: what diverging safety and compliance frameworks reveal about how AI companies choose the risks they prioritize.” arXiv:2608.16895. Also published as the post of 16 July 2026 (listed below). Of mixed provenance: first drafted by an AI model under his direction, then rewritten by him. Cited in: 05 §1, App. A, App. C; 06 §1.4, App. A.
- Claude Fable 5.1 (2026). Constitutional AI and Responsible Innovation: Governing an Artefact That Takes Part in Its Own Governance. Zenodo, September 2026. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22288630. An AI-written paper; only Maynard’s signed Annex 1 is used as evidence of his views. Key: Fable annex 2026. Cited in: 05 §1, §6.6, §6.11, §9 ….
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). Constituting Responsibility: What Constitutional AI Reveals About the Limits and Futures of Responsible Innovation. Zenodo, v1.1, September 2026. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22256794. Written by an AI model under his guidance; only his postscript is used as evidence of his views. Cited in: 05 §1.
6.8 Essays on andrewmaynard.net, 2026, and a 2025 keynote#
Retrospective essays by Maynard, published under his sole byline. 05 uses them as evidence of how he now reads his earlier work.
- “What Thirty Years of Emerging Technology Risks Taught Me About Artificial Intelligence”, 12 April 2026. https://andrewmaynard.net/2026/04/12/ai-and-the-future-of-being-human/. Key: 30Y 2026. Cited in: 05 §2.2, §2.9, §4, §5 …; 06 §1.4, §3.1, §3.11, §7.3 ….
- “What Nanotechnology Taught Me About Governing AI”, 12 April 2026. https://andrewmaynard.net/2026/04/12/ai-governance-risk-innovation/. Key: NANO 2026. Cited in: 05 §2.3, §2.9, §3, §5 …; 06 §1.4, §3.5, §9, App. A ….
- “Honest Non-Signals, Constitutive Resonance, and the Frameworks We Need for Understanding Human-AI Interaction”, 12 April 2026. https://andrewmaynard.net/2026/04/12/ai-theory-cognitive-trojan-horse-constitutive-resonance/. Key: HNS 2026. Cited in: 05 §3, §5, §6.5, §6.6 …; 06 §1.4.
- “The Future We’re Building, Whether We Mean To or Not”, 12 April 2026. https://andrewmaynard.net/2026/04/12/ai-humanity-and-the-future/. Key: FWB 2026. Cited in: 05 §3, §5, §6.2, §6.3 …; 06 §1.4.
- “The Three S-Curves: What AI Is Actually Doing in Higher Education”, 12 April 2026. https://andrewmaynard.net/2026/04/12/ai-and-education-three-s-curves/. Key: S3 2026. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.4, §6.5, §6.8 ….
- “Stick Figures, Sci-Fi Movies, and the Obligation to Make AI Accessible”, 12 April 2026. Key: STICK 2026. Cited in: 05 §5, §6.2, §6.7, §8 …; 06 §1.4, App. B.
- Keynote at OEB Global, Berlin, late 2025, where he first asked whether AI is a cognitive Trojan horse; known from his own accounts, not read directly. Key: OEB 2025. Cited in: 05 §6.8, App. C.
6.9 Co-signed papers and reports#
- Wolf et al. (2024). “Anticipating biopreservation technologies that pause biological time.” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 52(3): 534–552. doi:10.1017/jme.2024.129. Cited in: 05 §5, App. C.
- Hyun et al. (2024). “The need for early engagement with interested groups on advanced biopreservation.” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 52(3): 585–594. doi:10.1017/jme.2024.134. Cited in: 05 §9, App. C; 06 §9.2, App. B.
- Pruett et al. (2025). “Governing new technologies that stop biological time.” American Journal of Transplantation 25(2): 269–276. doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2024.09.017. Cited in: 05 §5, App. C.
- Maynard and Leahy (2025). Future Travel Foresight Catalyst. Final report for the US Department of Transportation’s TBD National Center, August 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91942. Key: USDOT 2025. Cited in: 05 §9, App. C.
6.10 The series this knowledge base accompanies#
- Maynard, A.D. (2026). “Jensen Huang, AI, and Late Lessons from Early Warnings”, The Future of Being Human, 27 September 2026. Part 1 of the series that accompanies this knowledge base; see Articles. Cited in 06 from his text before publication (“Series introduction 2026”). Cited in: 06 §1.1, §1.2, §4.1, §6.4 ….
6.11 Posts on The Future of Being Human#
The posts cited in the analyses, in date order, with the documents that cite them. 05 and 06 cite posts by date and short name; the dates of posts first published elsewhere and later moved to the Substack are approximate before 2019 (05 §1, Conventions). Guest posts and orientation pages mentioned only to exclude them are not listed.
2014
- 2014-12-14: Researchers should take more responsibility for exaggeration in press releases. Cited in: 05.
2015
- 2015-01-10: Are quantum dot TVs — and their toxic ingredients — actually better for the environment?. Cited in: 05.
- 2015-01-30: Responsible development of new technologies critical in complex, connected world. Cited in: 05, 06.
2016
- 2016-01-11: Thinking innovatively about the risks of tech innovation. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2016-01-12: Can citizen science empower disenfranchised communities?. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-01-20: Three ways synthetic biology could annihilate Zika and other mosquito-borne diseases. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-01-31: Public universities must do more: the public needs our help and expertise. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-02-01: We don’t talk much about nanotechnology risks anymore, but that doesn’t mean they’re gone. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-03-02: How risky are the World Economic Forum’s top 10 emerging technologies for 2016?. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-03-12: It’ll take more than tech for Elon Musk to pull off audacious new Tesla master plan. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-03-31: Considering ethics now before radically new brain technologies get away from us. Cited in: 05.
- 2016-04-01: Will driving your own car become the socially unacceptable public health risk smoking is today?. Cited in: 05.
2017
- 2017-04-10: Dear Elon Musk: Your dazzling Mars plan overlooks some big nontechnical hurdles. Cited in: 05.
2018
- 2018-02-21: The BS and the science of nanotechnology. Cited in: 05.
- 2018-05-12: 10 potential risks of artificial intelligence.. Cited in: 05.
- 2018-09-03: Tech Companies Need a Social Risk Reboot. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2018-11-01: Contact: Occam’s Razor and Films from the Future. Cited in: 05.
- 2018-11-15: Can “bad” sci-fi movies help us get future technologies right?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2018-12-13: It’s time for tech startups and their funders to take “orphan risks” seriously. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2018-12-15: If Elon Musk is a Luddite, count me in!. Cited in: 05, 06.
2019
- 2019-03-05: Should we be treating algorithms the same way we treat hazardous chemicals?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2019-03-31: Design Principles for De-Marginalizing the Future. Cited in: 05.
- 2019-04-15: Ethics Boards Won’t Save Big Tech. Cited in: 05.
- 2019-07-23: Neuralink’s Technology Is Impressive. Is It Ethical?. Cited in: 05.
- 2019-08-13: Innovating responsibly in a culture of entrepreneurship. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2019-09-04: How to Ensure Our Digital Legacy Isn’t Lost to the Future. Cited in: 05.
- 2019-11-01: The Many Ways Elon Musk’s Neuralink Could Go Wrong. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2019-11-19: The Trouble with Connectedness as a Force for Good. Cited in: 05.
2020
- 2020-07-30: Life on Mars, Astrobiology, and Thinking Differently about Risk. Cited in: 05.
- 2020-08-28: Navigating the Complex World of Advanced Brain-Machine Interfaces. Cited in: 05.
- 2020-09-26: The Seductive Slippery Slope of using Science to Predict “Bad” Behavior. Cited in: 05.
- 2020-10-15: The ethics of advanced brain machine interfaces — and why they matter. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2020-10-30: Eight things about Future Rising that may surprise you!. Cited in: 05.
- 2020-11-05: Why Risk Innovation is critical to the futures we aspire to. Cited in: 05.
- 2020-11-12: Is Artificial Intelligence Going to Kill Us All?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2020-12-15: Why Trustworthiness Matters in Building Global Futures. Cited in: 05.
2021
- 2021-01-15: Can watching sci-fi movies lead to more responsible and ethical innovation?. Cited in: 05.
- 2021-02-25: How our mastery of biological, physical and cyber “base code” is transforming how we think about…. Cited in: 05.
- 2021-03-28: How safe are graphene-based face masks?. Cited in: 05.
- 2021-04-09: Bounded Infinities, Quantum Tunneling, and the Future of Education. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2021-08-03: We need to get more innovative in how we navigate the potential risks and benefits of artificial intelligence. Cited in: 05.
- 2021-09-07: Should we be worried about Elon Musk’s Tesla Bot?. Cited in: 05.
2022
- 2022-02-10: Are we asking the right standards questions about advanced materials?. Cited in: 05.
- 2022-02-12: Scarlett Johansson’s Amazon Alexa Super Bowl Ad May Be Fun, But It Also Raises Serious Questions. Cited in: 05.
- 2022-09-16: 56 Stunning AI-Generated Images Inspired By The Future of Being Human. Cited in: 05.
2023
- 2023-01-31: Can ChatGPT take the pain out of annual academic reviews?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-04-04: What are the alternatives to calling for a pause on giant AI experiments?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-04-04: Welcome to The Future of Being Human!. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-04-05: Can ChatGPT adversely impact mental health?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-04-10: As AI goes to Washington, what’s being missed?. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-04-12: Navigating Advanced Technology Transitions. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-04-16: AI and the Art of Manipulation. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-04-18: Universities need to be investing in responsible AI now more than ever. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-04-24: A short video primer on AI risks. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-04-26: In Bill Joy’s "Why The Future Doesn’t Need us" AI is nowhere, and everywhere. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-05-04: Tipping Points and Broken Symmetries. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-05-05: US White House Embraces Responsible Innovation as Society Faces an AI Tsunami. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-05-09: This is not your "traditional" prompt engineering!. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-05-12: Unraveling the Luddite Narrative. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-05-15: Respectfully Erik Schmidt, industry can’t get AI governance right on its own!. Cited in: 04, 05, 06.
- 2023-05-17: Some thoughts on yesterday’s historic Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on oversight of AI. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-05-22: Can large language models be used for predictive policing? And if so, should we be worried?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-05-25: Leading AI expert says we should we be acting now to avoid future risks of "rogue AIs" — is he right?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-05-31: Why the recent statement on the risk of extinction from AI is important, and why I didn’t sign it. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-07-12: Regulating Frontier AI: To Open Source or Not?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-07-19: Will Elon Musk’s "Maximally Curious" AI really turn out to be safe?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-07-25: Oppenheimer is as relevant to the future of AI as it is nuclear weapons. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-07-27: ASU allows ChatGPT to be used in law school applications. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-08-02: Fifteen questions every college professor should be asking about ChatGPT and other generative AI. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-08-14: If you’re obsessed with ChatGPT’s accuracy, you’re missing the point. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-08-18: Being Human in an Augmented Future and the movie Ghost in the Shell. The Moviegoer’s Guide to the Future Episode 7. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-08-21: The incomparable messiness of the provenance of ideas. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-08-23: Could we build conscious AIs in the near future? Quite possibly. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-09-04: Why public engagement is so important for advanced science and technology. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-09-11: It’s time to get serious about artificial intelligence and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-09-15: Weaponizing the Genome and the movie Inferno. The Moviegoer’s Guide to the Future Episode 11. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-09-18: Will AI transform how we learn in the future?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-09-20: What do college students really think about ChatGPT?. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-09-25: Building a better future’s tough when you don’t know where you’re going. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-09-28: The new AI movie The Creator is a must-see for anyone grappling with what it might mean to be human in an AI future. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-10-02: Responsible AI: Lessons from Nanotechnology. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-10-08: A guide to responsible innovation like no other …. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-10-19: Marc Andreessen: Ditch sustainability and technology ethics if you want a better future. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-10-24: Flattening the learning distribution curve using ChatGPT. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-10-25: $10 million for AI safety research. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-10-30: White House goes all in on responsible innovation and artificial intelligence. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-11-09: Waymo safety study shows not all self-driving cars are created equal. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-11-15: Navigating “orphan risks” has never been more important for tech companies — especially around AI. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-11-18: What could Sam Altman’s departure from OpenAI mean for societally beneficial AI?. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-11-21: Could OpenAI have benefitted from this tool for navigating complex risks?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-11-26: Why everything you’ve ever heard about AI risk is wrong. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2023-12-03: Are physical 3D artificial brains the next step in AI?. Cited in: 05.
- 2023-12-22: Governing AI for Humanity: A Compelling Roadmap from the United Nations. Cited in: 05.
2024
- 2024-01-01: The Future of Being Human in 2024. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-01-07: The Future of Being Human is Analog. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-01-14: WEF Global Technology Risk Trends: Looking Back Over 18 Years. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-01-17: Unpacking AI in the 2024 World Economic Forum Global Risk Report. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-01-18: ASU announces a unique collaboration with OpenAI on using ChatGPT in education and research. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-01-21: How can stories unlock pathways to positive futures?. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-01-30: First In-Human Trial of Elon Musk’s Brain Computer Interface Begins. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-02-11: One week on with the Apple Vision Pro. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-02-18: Setting fire to self-driving cars won’t help build a better future. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-02-25: It’s Been a Rollercoaster of a Week in AI. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-03-03: In Villeneuve’s Dune: Part Two, AI is nowhere … and everywhere. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-03-15: Liz Lerman and Jonathon Keats on The Art of Memory and the Act of Being Present. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-03-17: Are we putting our undergrads in playpens when they need playgrounds?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-03-21: Elon Musk’s Neuralink plays "mind games" in more ways than one. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-03-31: We have a technology problem – and it probably isn’t what you think. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-04-07: Futures Past and Present: How a Multigenerational Class Is Changing Perspectives on Technology and Society. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-04-14: Welcome to the age of swipe and select embryos. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-04-28: Does the world need another Future of Humanity Institute?. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-05-05: Is GenAI in education more of a Blackberry or iPhone?. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-05-15: OpenAI’s GPT-4o and the challenges of hyper-anthropomorphism. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-05-19: Future Failing. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-05-21: OpenAI’s problem with the movie Her and Scarlett Johansson. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-06-16: AI, Ex Machina, and the Juvet Landscape Hotel. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-06-20: Ilya Sutskever’s Safe Superintelligence initiative might need a rethink. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-06-23: A seriously funny look at existential risk with actor Jay Baruchel. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-06-30: Is Conscious AI Possible?. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-07-13: AI Choice Engines, Paternalism, and Behavioral Manipulation. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-07-21: Artificial intelligence is conspicuous by its absence in Denis Villeneuve’s Dune: Part Two. And this is important. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-08-04: 7 key takeaways from Elon Musk’s latest conversation with Lex Fridman about the future. Cited in: 06.
- 2024-08-07: Are humanoid robots really the future?. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-08-11: Envisioning a university-based School of Advanced Technology Transitions. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-08-18: Four ways of thinking about advanced technology transitions. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-08-25: Four more ways of thinking about advanced technology transitions. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-09-01: Is ChatGPT’s new Voice Mode dangerously persuasive?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-09-04: Succeeding at the YouTube Science Communication Game. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-09-08: A Journey from the Past to the Edge of Tomorrow. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-09-18: Neuralink’s Blindsight brain implant gets one step closer to human trials. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-09-22: Five AI-generated podcast episodes that’ll make you think. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-10-06: The double or nothing bet on AI "fixing the climate". Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-10-08: AI captures this year’s Nobel Prize for Physics. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-10-13: Is this how AI will transform the world over the next decade?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-10-20: Learning to live with agentic social AI. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-10-27: Are Personal AI Chatbots Becoming Dangerous Agents of Chaos?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-11-10: Is AI poised to suck the soul out of science?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2024-11-17: Navigating the Ethical Dilemmas of Human-Enhancing Brain-Computer Interfaces. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-11-24: Artificial intelligence, agency, and the emergence of humans as AI amanuenses. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-12-13: Are educators falling behind the AI curve?. Cited in: 05.
- 2024-12-17: Navigating the challenges and opportunities of technologies that "stop biological time". Cited in: 05.
- 2024-12-29: Someone needs to write these Fantasy Top Ten Tech lists. Cited in: 05.
2025
- 2025-01-05: Five voices, five pieces. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-01-07: Universities need to step up their AGI game. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-01-19: WEF: "The global outlook is increasingly fractured". Cited in: 05.
- 2025-01-30: AI at a Crossroads: The Unfinished Work of Aligning Technology with Humanity. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-02-04: Does OpenAI’s Deep Research signal the end of human-only scholarship?. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-02-09: Can AI write your PhD dissertation for you?. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-02-16: The Artisanal Intellectual in the Age of AI. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-02-23: An AI model that can decode and design living organisms. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-03-02: AI and the lure of permissionless innovation. Cited in: 04, 05, 06.
- 2025-03-09: The "hard" concept of care in technology innovation. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-03-15: AI in Higher Education: Students need playgrounds, not playpens. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-03-22: When Agentic AI Takes Charge – First impressions of Manus. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-03-27: Can agentic AI build your entire online course?. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-03-30: Reimagining learning and education in an age of AI. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-04-06: What does responsible innovation mean in an age of accelerating AI?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-04-13: Ancient wolves, conservation futures, and one of the fastest growing biotech startups in history. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-04-20: Surprised by serendipity. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-05-04: A new framework for guiding AI agent oversight. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-05-18: Exploring AI through cause-and-effect. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-05-25: Why parasocial communication around complex ideas is important – and why we need more of it. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-06-01: Vibe coding moral panic. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-07-06: Motive, Means, and Opportunity: The Growing Risk of AI Manipulation. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-07-13: What’s Grok 4’s "Moral Character"?. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-07-20: Still Human: 61 Inspiring paintings from an upcoming generation. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-07-23: America’s AI Action Plan: "Build, Baby, Build". Cited in: 05.
- 2025-07-27: Spiky surfaces and jagged edges: Moving beyond what’s known in an Age of AI. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-08-10: The Scared Witless Educator’s Guide to Surviving ChatGPT GPT-5. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-08-17: Stop asking students "Show Me Your Prompt!". Cited in: 05.
- 2025-08-24: Using AI to Assess Student-AI Conversations. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-08-31: Holding on to our humanity in an age of AI. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-09-07: The hidden risks of using AI to write emails. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-10-05: When ChatGPT turns informant. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-10-26: AI misuse in student-advisor collaborations. Part 1. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-11-09: Should universities be doing more to address the mental health risks of using AI?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2025-11-19: Parasocial Relationships: Problematic Practice or Public Promise?. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-11-23: Letters from the Department of Intellectual Craft. Cited in: 05.
- 2025-11-30: Postscript: Letters from the Department of Intellectual Craft. Cited in: 05.
2026
- 2026-01-10: Is AI a Cognitive Trojan Horse?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-01-17: I cracked and wrote an academic paper using AI. Here’s what I learned …. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-01-22: Think you know AI? Think again!. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-01-31: Lost in the Moltbook Hall of Mirrors. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-02-08: Beeswax Hallucinations and AI Inventions. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-02-22: What we miss when we talk about "AI Harnesses". Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-03-08: Is AI reducing you to a LinkedIn stereotype?. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-03-22: Are you an AI Apocaloptimist?. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-03-29: Can AI create a comprehensive degree program proposal in the time it takes to grab a coffee?. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-04-11: Ten Questions about AI and Higher Education. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-04-26: Why I’m falling out of love with Claude. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-05-03: Are design principles for responsible and beneficial AI useful?. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-05-10: Do not do this with AI!. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-05-15: AI movies may be less dystopian than we think. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-05-17: The nonsense I write. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-05-21: Magnifica Humanitas and Being Human in an Age of AI. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-06-12: A quick update on using Claude Fable 5 for research. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-06-14: Everything you wanted to know about doing a PhD … but were afraid to ask. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-07-04: Just how good is Anthropic’s Fable at researching and writing an academic paper?. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-07-10: I asked Anthropic’s Fable 5 to create a video game inspired by my work. It’s mad!. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-07-16: Orphan risks at the frontier of artificial intelligence. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-07-19: Publish or Perish: AI vs Human. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-08-02: What we can learn with AI by NOT trying to learn. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-08-16: A quick piece of personal news. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-08-23: Pre-Registered Play (Open April 25, 2027). Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-08-30: Do universities have a place in Bill Gates’ AI Transition Plan?. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-09-04: Anthropic’s Fable 5.1 as an original scholar, and more insights into AI as a primary author. Cited in: 05.
- 2026-09-15: Will AI really kill us all? No. But it’s also complicated.. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-09-20: Reasoning LLMs just want to have fun. Cited in: 05, 06.
- 2026-09-24: Being an Academic in an Age of AI. Cited in: 05, 06.
7. News and commentary#
Reporting of Huang’s statements is listed with his own words in section 2.2.
7.1 Responses to the interview and to Huang’s views#
- Mowshowitz, Z. (2026). “On Ezra Klein’s Podcast With Jensen Huang”, 25 September 2026. https://thezvi.substack.com/p/on-ezra-kleins-podcast-with-jensen. Cited in: 02 §7.3, §8.1, §8.4, §9.1 …; 03 §1.6, §4.2, §8.4.
- Marcus, G. (2026). Posts of 24 and 25 September 2026. https://garymarcus.substack.com/p/i-think-the-answer-is-we-have-to; https://garymarcus.substack.com/p/breaking-openais-security-fiasco. Cited in: 02 §8.1, §9.2, §10.4, App. C.
- Hashim, S. (2026). Transformer: on the interview, 25 September 2026, https://www.transformernews.ai/p/trump-cant-stop-ai-governance; on the Australian breach, 24 September 2026, https://www.transformernews.ai/p/openai-australia-hack-least-worrying-part; and on Nvidia and China, https://www.transformernews.ai/p/the-contradictions-of-jensen-huang-nvidia-china-chips-export-controls. Cited in: 02 §9.2, App. C.
- Kapoor, S. and Narayanan, A. “The AI-as-Normal-Technology view of loss-of-control incidents”, 14 September 2026, https://www.normaltech.ai/p/the-ai-as-normal-technology-view; “AI existential risk probabilities are too unreliable to inform policy”, 26 July 2024, https://www.normaltech.ai/p/ai-existential-risk-probabilities; “Why AI hasn’t replaced software engineers, and won’t”, 11 June 2026, https://www.normaltech.ai/p/why-ai-hasnt-replaced-software-engineers. Cited in: 02 §7.3, §8.1, §8.4, §9.2 …; 03 §1.6, §2, §4.3, §6.1 ….
- Kantrowitz, A. Big Technology: “Jensen’s Puzzling Logic”, 17 April 2026, https://www.bigtechnology.com/p/jensens-puzzling-logic; “The Making of Dario Amodei”, 29 July 2025, https://www.bigtechnology.com/p/the-making-of-dario-amodei. Cited in: 02 §4.2, App. C.
- ChinaTalk (Jordan Schneider), notes on Huang’s interview with Dwarkesh Patel. https://www.chinatalk.media/p/notes-on-jensen-v-dwarkesh. Cited in: 02 §9.2, App. C.
- Smith, N. Noahpinion, on the Huang–Dwarkesh debate. https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/scoring-the-jensen-dwarkesh-debate. Cited in: 02 §9.2, App. C.
7.2 Hinton’s radiology forecast and other reporting#
- Creative Destruction Lab (2016). “Geoff Hinton: On Radiology”, from the event “Machine Learning and the Market for Intelligence”, Toronto. Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HMPRXstSvQ. The episode plays an archival clip of it. Cited in: 02 In brief, §3.7, §6.2, §6.3 …; 03 §2, §4.1, §4.2, §4.6 …; 04 main text, n. 6; 06 §7.3.
- Lohr, S. (2025). Report on AI and radiologists at the Mayo Clinic, The New York Times, 14 May 2025, in which Hinton reflects on his forecast. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/14/technology/ai-jobs-radiologists-mayo-clinic.html. Cited in: 04 n. 6.
- The Guardian, on Hinton’s estimate of the odds of AI wiping out humanity, 27 December 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/dec/27/godfather-of-ai-raises-odds-of-the-technology-wiping-out-humanity-over-next-30-years. Cited in: 02 §9.1, App. C.
- CNBC, on Hinton and his radiology forecast, 4 December 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/04/jensen-huang-cited-radiologists-to-dispute-ai-jobs-impact.html. Cited in: 02 App. C.
- The Guardian, on Jamie Dimon and Huang at Davos, 21 January 2026. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/21/rollout-ai-slowed-save-society-jp-morgan-jamie-dimon-jensen-huang. Cited in: 02 §9.2, App. C.