{
"publications": [
{
"authors": [
"Dudley, S.",
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Balancing Freedom and Responsibility to Accelerate Biohybrid Research",
"year": 2026,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-07448-5_44",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07448-5_44",
"publisher": "Springer, Cham",
"bookTitle": "Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems. Living Machines 2025",
"editors": null,
"series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 15582",
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Abbott, Jeffrey",
"Andrew Maynard"
],
"title": "AI and the Art of Being Human: A practical guide to thriving with AI while rediscovering yourself in the process",
"year": 2025,
"format": "book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": "https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DWXKPZP1",
"publisher": "Waymark Works Publishing",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Wang, J.",
"Maynard, A."
],
"title": "Gender disparity in U.S. patenting",
"year": 2025,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",
"volume": "12",
"issue": null,
"pages": "1730",
"doi": "10.1057/s41599-025-06038-6",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-06038-6",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Abstract Despite growing attention to gender disparities in innovation, little is known about how gender shapes the characteristics and outcomes of patented inventions. This study analyzes 3.7 million U.S. utility patents, covering 1.8 million distinct inventors and over 200,000 organizations, to investigate the gendered patterns of inventorship. While women’s participation in patenting has increased over time, they remain significantly underrepresented, and patents involving female inventors consistently receive fewer citations than those by all-male teams. However, women-participated patents are more likely to exhibit novelty, originality, and technological generality, particularly when produced by mixed-gender teams, which tend to generate the most disruptive inventions. Female inventors also draw more heavily on scientific literature and public support, especially in green technology and academic settings. Organizational and domain-level differences are pronounced: universities involve women at higher rates than corporations, and fields such as biotechnology and civil engineering demonstrate distinct gendered patterns in patent quality and disruption. These results suggest that women make important yet often overlooked contributions to innovation and that structural barriers may suppress their full inventive potential. Addressing these disparities can enhance innovation diversity, expand the societal relevance of patented technologies, and better support the next generation of inventors.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Pruett, T. L.",
"S. M. Wolf",
"C. C. McVan",
"P. Lyon",
"A. M. Capron",
"J. F. Childress",
"B. J. Evans",
"E. B. Finger",
"I. Hyun",
"R. Isasi",
"G. E. Marchant",
"A. D. Maynard",
"K. A. Oye",
"M. Toner",
"K. Uygun",
"J. C. Bischof"
],
"title": "Governing new technologies that stop biological time: Preparing for prolonged biopreservation of human organs in transplantation",
"year": 2025,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "American Journal of Transplantation",
"volume": "25",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "269-276",
"doi": "10.1016/j.ajt.2024.09.017",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2024.09.017",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Wolf, S. M.",
"T. L. Pruett",
"C. C. McVan",
"E. Brister",
"Shawneequa L. Callier",
"A. M. Capron",
"J. F. Childress",
"M. B. Goodwin",
"Insoo Hyun",
"R. Isasi",
"A. D. Maynard",
"K. A. Oye",
"P. B. Thompson",
"T. R. Tiersch"
],
"title": "Anticipating Biopreservation Technologies that Pause Biological Time: Building Governance & Coordination Across Applications",
"year": 2024,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics",
"volume": "52",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "534-552",
"doi": "10.1017/jme.2024.129",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2024.129",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "AbstractAdvanced biopreservation technologies using subzero approaches such as supercooling, partial freezing, and vitrification with reanimating techniques including nanoparticle infusion and laser rewarming are rapidly emerging as technologies with potential to radically disrupt biomedicine, research, aquaculture, and conservation. These technologies could pause biological time and facilitate large-scale banking of biomedical products including organs, tissues, and cell therapies.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Artificial intelligence is conspicuous by its absence in Denis Villeneuve's Dune: Part Two. And this is important",
"year": 2024,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Jurimetrics",
"volume": "64",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "163-167",
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Wang, J.",
"A. D. Maynard",
"J. Lobo",
"K. Michael",
"S. Motch",
"D. Strumsky"
],
"title": "Knowledge Combination Analysis Reveals That Artificial Intelligence Research Is More Like \"Normal Science\" Than \"Revolutionary Science\"",
"year": 2024,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "5598-6007",
"doi": "10.24251/hicss.2024.673",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2024.673",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": "Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences",
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"K. Oye",
"M. Scragg",
"T. Tripp",
"S. M. Wolf"
],
"title": "Successfully Bridging Innovation and Application: Exploring the Utility of a Risk Innovation Approach in the NSF Engineering Research Center for Advanced Biopreservation Technologies (ATP-Bio)",
"year": 2024,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics",
"volume": "52",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "553-569",
"doi": "10.1017/jme.2024.126",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2024.126",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "AbstractThis exploratory study set out to pilot use of a Risk Innovation approach to support the development of advanced biopreservation technologies, and the societally beneficial development of advanced technologies more broadly. This is the first study to apply the Risk Innovation approach — which has previously been used to help individual organizations clarify areas of value and threats — to multiple entities involved in developing an emerging technology.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hyun, I.",
"J. Bischof",
"S. L. Callier",
"A. M. Capron",
"M. B. Goodwin",
"I. Goswami",
"R. Isasi",
"A. Maynard",
"T. L. Pruett",
"K. Uygun",
"S. M. Wolf"
],
"title": "The Need for Upstream Early Public Engagement With Interested Groups on Advanced Biopreservation Technologies",
"year": 2024,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics",
"volume": "52",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "585-594",
"doi": "10.1017/jme.2024.134",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2024.134",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "AbstractResearch on advanced biopreservation — technologies that include, for example, partial freezing, supercooling, and vitrification with nanoparticle infusion and laser rewarming — is proceeding at a rapid pace, potentially affecting many areas of medicine and the life sciences, food, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Given the breadth and depth of its medical, scientific, and corresponding social impacts, advanced biopreservation is poised to emerge as a disruptive technology with real benefits, but also ethical challenges and risks. Early engagement with potentially affected groups can help navigate possible societal barriers to adoption of this new technology and help ensure that emerging capabilities align with the needs, desires, and expectations of a broad range of interested parties.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"S. M. Dudley"
],
"title": "Navigating Advanced Technology Transitions Using Lessons from Nanotechnology",
"year": 2023,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "18",
"issue": null,
"pages": "1118-1120",
"doi": "10.1038/s41565-023-01481-5",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01481-5",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Stephens, B.",
"A. Maynard",
"P. K. Hopke"
],
"title": "Control of Airborne Particles: Filtration",
"year": 2022,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-22",
"doi": "10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5_55-1",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5_55-1",
"publisher": "Springer Nature Singapore",
"bookTitle": "Handbook of Indoor Air Quality",
"editors": "Yinping Zhang, Philip K. Hopke, and Corinne Mandin",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Singapore"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A.",
"P. K. Hopke"
],
"title": "Introduction to Aerosol Dynamics",
"year": 2022,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-28",
"doi": "10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5_78-1",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5_78-1",
"publisher": "Springer Nature Singapore",
"bookTitle": "Handbook of Indoor Air Quality",
"editors": "Yinping Zhang, Philip K. Hopke, and Corinne Mandin",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Singapore"
},
{
"authors": [
"Hadi, A.",
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Design the Future Activities (DFA): A Pedagogical Content Knowledge Framework in Engineering Design Education",
"year": 2021,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": "Virtual Conference, ASEE Conferences",
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.18260/1-2--36924",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--36924",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": "ASEE Virtual Conference",
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Hadi studies the influence of the future of work on curricular innovation, with a focus on exploring the relationships between and among adaptability, risk taking and value making. In an effort to characterize engineering education as an (eco)system for creating value, Hadi's approach integrates analytical methods of data science to address changes in systems and society. More broadly, Hadi is interested in examining how engineering innovations mobilize social and economic change.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "How to Succeed as an Academic on YouTube",
"year": 2021,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Frontiers in Communication",
"volume": "5",
"issue": "130",
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.3389/fcomm.2020.572181",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.572181",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "More and more people are turning to YouTube to expand their knowledge, develop their understanding, and learn new skills. These “casual learners”—loosely defined as individuals who are curious about a topic and are self-motivated to learn more about it—are taking advantage of the ease with which nearly anyone with an internet connection, basic video skills, and something to say, can become a YouTube “creator.” However, amidst a dizzying array of videos purporting to educate or otherwise inform viewers, academic content-creators are notable by their lack of presence on the platform. Here, there are largely-untapped opportunities for academics to contribute to the richness, diversity and trustworthiness of video content available to casual learners, and to effectively mobilize their knowledge at scale. There is also a pressing need for diversity in casual learning content, including diversity in creator gender, identity, ethnicity, and perspective, and academics are uniquely positioned to address this need. Drawing on the author's experiences in developing and producing the YouTube channel Risk Bites, this perspective explores how time, resource, and even talent-limited academics can nevertheless leverage YouTube as a platform for further mobilizing their knowledge for public good.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Kidd, J.",
"P. Westerhoff",
"A. Maynard"
],
"title": "Survey of industrial perceptions for the use of nanomaterials for in-home drinking water purification devices",
"year": 2021,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "NanoImpact",
"volume": "22",
"issue": null,
"pages": "100320",
"doi": "10.1016/j.impact.2021.100320",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100320",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, Andrew"
],
"title": "Future Rising: A Journey from the Past, to the Edge of Tomorrow",
"year": 2020,
"format": "book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": "https://www.amazon.com/dp/1642502634",
"publisher": "Mango Publishing",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Kidd, J.",
"P. Westerhoff",
"A. Maynard"
],
"title": "Public perceptions for the use of Nanomaterials for in-home drinking water purification devices",
"year": 2020,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "NanoImpact",
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "100220",
"doi": "10.1016/j.impact.2020.100220",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2020.100220",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Guseva Canu, I.",
"K. Batsungnoen",
"A. Maynard",
"N. B. Hopf"
],
"title": "State of knowledge on the occupational exposure to carbon nanotube",
"year": 2020,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health",
"volume": "225",
"issue": null,
"pages": "113472",
"doi": "10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113472",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113472",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Tournas, L.",
"W. Johnson",
"A. Maynard",
"D. Bowman"
],
"title": "Germline Doping for Heightened Performance in Sport",
"year": 2019,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Australian and New Zealand Sports Law Journal",
"volume": "12",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "1-24",
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "In recent years, gene editing techniques such as CRISPR-cas9 have begun to enable the genetic makeup of organisms – including humans – to be precisely designed and engineered. Human embryonic gene editing is both nascent and highly contentious, with many in the scientific community cautioning against its use. However, given the long history of new technologies being used to confer a competitive advantage in sport, it is likely only a matter of time before human embryonic germ-line editing is explored to heighten athletic performance. As the technology develops, there is an urgent need to better-understand the legal landscape around germ-line doping to ensure the safety and well-being of athletes, and the integrity and value of the sports they participate in.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"E. Garbee"
],
"title": "Responsible innovation in a culture of entrepreneurship: a US perspective",
"year": 2019,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.4337/9781784718862.00043",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784718862.00043",
"publisher": "Edward Elgar",
"bookTitle": "International Handbook on Responsible Innovation. A Global Resource",
"editors": "René von Schomberg and Jonathan Hankins",
"series": null,
"abstract": "In the emerging global landscape around technology innovation and social transformation, entrepreneurs have the potential to initiate chains of events that have profound impacts on society – a trend that is already apparent within the information technology sector. Yet given the potential dangers of unconstrained entrepreneurialism, there is a need for effective, workable approaches to responsible innovation within the entrepreneurial community. While top-down governance may be effective in creating crude boundaries within which responsible innovation occurs, successful implementation of responsible innovation within the US entrepreneurial community (and, by extension, to other economies) will ultimately depend on the underlying principles of responsible innovation becoming deeply engrained within the very fabric of the community. In their native form, the concepts of anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion and responsiveness do not necessarily lead to responsible innovation in the harsh light of commercial reality. Yet they hold the seeds for the entrepreneurial community to pivot towards a culture that is both successful and responsible. In this chapter, we discuss the social context and nature of the challenge, how the underlying principles of responsible innovation can be integrated into American entrepreneurial culture, and then offer examples of existing community-driven changes in behaviour. We argue that, as entrepreneurs continue to translate cutting-edge science and engineering into highly novel technologies within today’s tightly coupled world, we cannot afford not to build a culture of responsibility that places a premium on societal good – both in the near term and for future generations.",
"notes": null,
"place": "Cheltenham, UK"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"M. Scragg"
],
"title": "The Ethical and Responsible Development and Application of Advanced Brain Machine Interfaces",
"year": 2019,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J Med Internet Res",
"volume": "21",
"issue": "10",
"pages": "e16321",
"doi": "10.2196/16321",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/16321",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Advanced brain machine interfaces provide potentially transformative approaches to treating neurological conditions and enhancing the performance of users. Yet, as technological capabilities continue to progress in leaps and bounds, there is a possibility that these capabilities outstrip our collective understanding of how to ensure brain machine interfaces are developed and used ethically and responsibly. In this case, there is an overt danger of rapid technological developments leading to unanticipated harm through a lack of foresight including threats to privacy, autonomy, self-identity, and other areas of personal and social value which, while hard to quantify, represent substantial risks. There is also a very real likelihood of such risks undermining value creation around the technologies and the associated enterprises, as key stakeholders push back against perceived and actual threats to what they, in turn, hold to be of value. In order to successfully traverse the resulting risk landscape, researchers and developers will need to become increasingly adept at integrating a sophisticated understanding of ethical and socially responsible innovation into their enterprises. Here, we illustrate how a “risk innovation” approach may provide novel insights into mapping out this landscape and revealing potentially blindsiding risks. We show how this approach can be used to illuminate challenges and opportunities to the successful, ethical, and responsible development of advanced brain machine interfaces. In addition, we emphasize how success will ultimately depend on the willingness of innovators and others to take ethical and responsible innovation seriously and to draw on the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary expertise that is necessary to translate good intentions into positive outcomes.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Finkel, A. M.",
"et al"
],
"title": "A 'solution-focused' comparative risk assessment of conventional and synthetic biology approaches to control mosquitoes carrying the dengue fever virus",
"year": 2018,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environment Systems and Decisions",
"volume": "38",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "177-197",
"doi": "10.1007/s10669-018-9688-3",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-018-9688-3",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"J. Kidd"
],
"title": "Are assumptions of consumer views impeding nano-based water treatment technologies?",
"year": 2018,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "13",
"issue": "8",
"pages": "673-674",
"doi": "10.1038/s41565-018-0230-z",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0230-z",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Exploring boundaries around the safe use of advanced materials: A prospective product-based case studies approach",
"year": 2018,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "427-450",
"doi": "10.1016/b978-0-12-813588-4.00017-8",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813588-4.00017-8",
"publisher": "Elsevier",
"bookTitle": "Nanotechnology environmental health and safety. Risks, regulations and management. Third Edition",
"editors": "M. Hull and D. Bowman",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Amsterdam"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, Andrew"
],
"title": "Films from the Future: The Technology and Morality of Sci-Fi Movies",
"year": 2018,
"format": "book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": "https://www.amazon.com/dp/1633539075",
"publisher": "Mango Publishing",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Bowman, D. M.",
"May, N. D.",
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Regulatory Aspects",
"year": 2018,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "289-302",
"doi": "10.1016/b978-0-444-63508-2.00012-6",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63508-2.00012-6",
"publisher": "Elsevier",
"bookTitle": "Analysis of Cosmetic Products (Second Edition)",
"editors": "Amparo Salvador and Alberto Chisvert",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Amsterdam"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Thinking Differently about Risk",
"year": 2018,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Astrobiology",
"volume": "18",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "244-245",
"doi": "10.1089/ast.2017.1774",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1774",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hansen, S. F.",
"R. Hjorth",
"L. M. Skjolding",
"D. M. Bowman",
"A. Maynard",
"A. Baun"
],
"title": "A critical analysis of the environmental dossiers from the OECD sponsorship programme for the testing of manufactured nanomaterials",
"year": 2017,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environmental Science: Nano:",
"volume": "4",
"issue": null,
"pages": "282",
"doi": "10.1039/c6en00465b",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c6en00465b",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "In 2015, the OECD finally published the findings of its seven year testing programme for manufactured nanomaterials.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Rethinking Risk",
"year": 2017,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": "https://csi.asu.edu/books/vvev/",
"publisher": "Center for Science and the Imagination, Arizona State University",
"bookTitle": "Visions, Ventures, Escape Velocities: A collection of Space Futures",
"editors": "Ed Finn and Joey Eschrich",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Tempe, AZ"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"J. Stilgoe"
],
"title": "The Ethics of Nanotechnology, Geoengineering and Clean Technology",
"year": 2017,
"format": "edited-book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.4324/9781003075028",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003075028",
"publisher": "London, Routledge",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": "The Library of Essays on the Ethics of Emerging Technologies",
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"J. Stilgoe"
],
"title": "The Ethics of Noumenal Technologies",
"year": 2017,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.4324/9781003075028-1",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003075028-1",
"publisher": "Routledge",
"bookTitle": "The Ethics of Nanotechnology, Geoengineering and Clean Technology",
"editors": "Andrew Maynard and Jack Stilgoe",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "London"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"R. J. Aitken"
],
"title": "'Safe handling of nanotechnology' ten years on",
"year": 2016,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "11",
"issue": null,
"pages": "998-1000",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2016.270",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.270",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Are we ready for spray-on carbon nanotubes?",
"year": 2016,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "11",
"issue": null,
"pages": "490-491",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2016.99",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.99",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Chapter 1. The Challenge of Nanomaterial Risk Assessment",
"year": 2016,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-20",
"doi": "10.1016/b978-0-323-35323-6.00001-3",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-35323-6.00001-3",
"publisher": "William Andrew",
"bookTitle": "Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health. 2nd Edition",
"editors": "Gurumurthy Ramachandran",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Amsterdam"
},
{
"authors": [
"Bergin, I. L.",
"L. A. Wilding",
"M. Morishita",
"K. Walacavage",
"A. P. Ault",
"J. L. Axson",
"D. I. Stark",
"S. A. Hashway",
"S. S. Capracotta",
"P. R. Leroueil",
"A. D. Maynard",
"M. A. Philbert"
],
"title": "Effects of particle size and coating on toxicologic parameters, fecal elimination kinetics and tissue distribution of acutely ingested silver nanoparticles in a mouse model",
"year": 2016,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nanotoxicology",
"volume": "10",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "352-360",
"doi": "10.3109/17435390.2015.1072588",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2015.1072588",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Consumer exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNP) via ingestion can occur due to incorporation of AgNP into products such as food containers and dietary supplements. AgNP variations in size and coating may affect toxicity, elimination kinetics or tissue distribution. Here, we directly compared acute administration of AgNP of two differing coatings and sizes to mice, using doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day administered by oral gavage for 3 days. The maximal dose is equivalent to 2000× the EPA oral reference dose. Silver acetate at the same doses was used as ionic silver control. We found no toxicity and no significant tissue accumulation. Additionally, no toxicity was seen when AgNP were dosed concurrently with a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Between 70.5% and 98.6% of the administered silver dose was recovered in feces and particle size and coating differences did not significantly influence fecal silver. Peak fecal silver was detected between 6- and 9-h post-administration and <0.5% of the administered dose was cumulatively detected in liver, spleen, intestines or urine at 48 h. Although particle size and coating did not affect tissue accumulation, silver was detected in liver, spleen and kidney of mice administered ionic silver at marginally higher levels than those administered AgNP, suggesting that silver ion may be more bioavailable. Our results suggest that, irrespective of particle size and coating, acute oral exposure to AgNP at doses relevant to potential human exposure is associated with predominantly fecal elimination and is not associated with accumulation in tissue or toxicity.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Lewis, R. C.",
"R. Hauser",
"A. D. Maynard",
"R. L. Neitzel",
"L. Wang",
"R. Kavet",
"J. D. Meeker"
],
"title": "Exposure to Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Infertility and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Update on the Human Evidence and Recommendations for Future Study Designs",
"year": 2016,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews",
"volume": "19",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "29-45",
"doi": "10.1080/10937404.2015.1134370",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2015.1134370",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes are significant public health concerns with global prevalence. Over the past 35 years, research has addressed whether exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields is one of the etiologic factors attributed to these conditions. However, no apparent authoritative reviews on this topic have been published in the peer-reviewed literature for nearly 15 years. This review provides an overview and critical analysis of human studies that were published in the peer-reviewed literature between 2002 and July 2015. Using PubMed, 13 epidemiology studies published during this time frame that concern exposure to magnetic fields and adverse prenatal (e.g., miscarriage), neonatal (e.g., preterm birth or birth defects), and male fertility (e.g., poor semen quality) outcomes were identified. Some of these studies reported associations whereas others did not, and study design limitations may explain these inconsistencies. Future investigations need to be designed with these limitations in mind to address existing research gaps. In particular, the following issues are discussed: (1) importance of selecting the appropriate study population, (2) need for addressing confounding due to unmeasured physical activity, (3) importance of minimizing information bias from exposure measurement error, (4) consideration of alternative magnetic field exposure metrics, and (5) implications and applications of personal exposure data that are correlated within female-male couples. Further epidemiologic research is needed, given the near ubiquitous exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the general population.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Is nanotech failing casual learners?",
"year": 2016,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "11",
"issue": "9",
"pages": "734-735",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2016.167",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.167",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"D. M. Bowman",
"J. G. Hodge Jr"
],
"title": "Mitigating Risks to Pregnant Teens from Zika Virus",
"year": 2016,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics",
"volume": "44",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "657-659",
"doi": "10.1177/1073110516684814",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110516684814",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Zika infection in pregnant women is associated with an elevated probability of giving birth to a child with microcephaly and multiple other disabilities. Public health messaging on Zika prevention has predominantly targeted women who know they are pregnant or intend to become pregnant, but not teenage females for whom unintended pregnancy is more likely. Vulnerabilities among this population to reproductive risks associated with Zika are further amplified by restrictive abortion laws in several Zika-impacted states. Key to prevention is enhanced, targeted public health messaging centered on teens nationally and particularly in certain high-risk regions.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Navigating the risk landscape",
"year": 2016,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "11",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "211-212",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2016.28",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.28",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Lewis, R. C.",
"R. Hauser",
"A. D. Maynard",
"R. L. Neitzel",
"L. Wang",
"R. Kavet",
"P. Morey",
"J. B. Ford",
"J. D. Meeker",
"R. Dadd"
],
"title": "Personal Measures Of Power-Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure Among Men From An Infertility Clinic: Distribution, Temporal Variability And Correlation With Their Female Partners' exposure",
"year": 2016,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Radiation protection dosimetry",
"volume": "172",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "401-408",
"doi": "10.1093/rpd/ncv515",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncv515",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Power-frequency magnetic field exposure science as it relates to men and couples have not been explored despite the advantage of this information in the design and interpretation of reproductive health epidemiology studies. This analysis examined the distribution and temporal variability of exposures in men, and the correlation of exposures within couples using data from a longitudinal study of 25 men and their female partners recruited from an infertility clinic. The average and 90th percentile demonstrated fair to good reproducibility, whereas the maximum showed poor reproducibility over repeated sampling days, each separated by a median of 4.6 weeks. Average magnetic field exposures were also strongly correlated within couples, suggesting that one partner's data could be used as a surrogate in the absence of data from the other for this metric. Environment was also an important effect modifier in these explored matters. These issues should be considered in future relevant epidemiology studies.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Ault, A. P.",
"D. I. Stark",
"J. L. Axson",
"J. N. Keeney",
"A. D. Maynard",
"I. L. Bergin",
"M. A. Philbert"
],
"title": "Protein corona-induced modification of silver nanoparticle aggregation in simulated gastric fluid",
"year": 2016,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environmental Science: Nano",
"volume": "3",
"issue": "6",
"pages": "1510-1520",
"doi": "10.1039/c6en00278a",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c6en00278a",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "This works shows enhanced aggregation of silver nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid when pepsin protein is present.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Wilding, L. A.",
"C. M. Bassis",
"K. Walacavage",
"S. Hashway",
"P. R. Leroueil",
"M. Morishita",
"A. D. Maynard",
"M. A. Philbert",
"I. L. Bergin"
],
"title": "Repeated dose (28-day) administration of silver nanoparticles of varied size and coating does not significantly alter the indigenous murine gut microbiome",
"year": 2016,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nanotoxicology",
"volume": "10",
"issue": "5",
"pages": "513-520",
"doi": "10.3109/17435390.2015.1078854",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2015.1078854",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antimicrobials in a number of applications, including topical wound dressings and coatings for consumer products and biomedical devices. Ingestion is a relevant route of exposure for AgNPs, whether occurring unintentionally via Ag dissolution from consumer products, or intentionally from dietary supplements. AgNP have also been proposed as substitutes for antibiotics in animal feeds. While oral antibiotics are known to have significant effects on gut bacteria, the antimicrobial effects of ingested AgNPs on the indigenous microbiome or on gut pathogens are unknown. In addition, AgNP size and coating have been postulated as significantly influential towards their biochemical properties and the influence of these properties on antimicrobial efficacy is unknown. We evaluated murine gut microbial communities using culture-independent sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments following 28 days of repeated oral dosing of well-characterized AgNPs of two different sizes (20 and 110 nm) and coatings (PVP and Citrate). Irrespective of size or coating, oral administration of AgNPs at 10 mg/kg body weight/day did not alter the membership, structure or diversity of the murine gut microbiome. Thus, in contrast to effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics, repeat dosing of AgNP, at doses equivalent to 2000 times the oral reference dose and 100-400 times the effective in vitro anti-microbial concentration, does not affect the indigenous murine gut microbiome.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Learning from the past",
"year": 2015,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "10",
"issue": null,
"pages": "482-483",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2015.120",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.120",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Harper, S.",
"W. Wohlleben",
"M. Doa",
"B. Nowack",
"S. Clancy",
"R. Canady",
"A. Maynard"
],
"title": "Measuring Nanomaterial Release from Carbon Nanotube Composites: Review of the State of the Science",
"year": 2015,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J Phys Conf Ser",
"volume": "617",
"issue": "1",
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012026",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012026",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Hazard studies of \"as-produced\" nanomaterials are increasingly available, yet a critical gap exists in exposure science that may impede safe development of nanomaterials. The gap is that we do not understand what is actually released because nanomaterials can change when released in ways that are not understood. We also generally do not have methods capable of quantitatively measuring what is released to support dose assessment. This review presents a case study of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the measurement challenge to bridge this gap. As the use and value of MWCNTs increases, methods to measure what is released in ways relevant to risk evaluation are critically needed if products containing these materials are to be economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable. This review draws on the input of over 50 experts engaged in a program of workshops and technical report writing to address the release of MWCNTs from nanocomposite materials across their life cycle. The expert analyses reveals that new and sophisticated methods are required to measure and assess MWCNT exposures for realistic exposure scenarios. Furthermore, method requirements vary with the materials and conditions of release across life cycle stages of products. While review shows that the likelihood of significant release of MWCNTs appears to be low for many stages of composite life cycle, measurement methods are needed so that exposures from MWCNT-composites are understood and managed. In addition, there is an immediate need to refocus attention from study of \"as-produced\" nanomaterials to coordinated research on actual release scenarios.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Navigating the fourth industrial revolution",
"year": 2015,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "10",
"issue": null,
"pages": "1005-1006",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2015.286",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.286",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Axson, J. L.",
"D. I. Stark",
"A. L. Bondy",
"S. S. Capracotta",
"A. D. Maynard",
"M. A. Philbert",
"I. L. Bergin",
"A. P. Ault"
],
"title": "Rapid Kinetics of Size and pH-Dependent Dissolution and Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles in Simulated Gastric Fluid",
"year": 2015,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Physical Chemistry C",
"volume": "119",
"issue": "35",
"pages": "20632-20641",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03634",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03634",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "As silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in a wide array of commercial products and can enter the human body through oral exposure, it is important to understand the fundamental physical and chemical processes leading to changes in nanoparticle size under the conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Rapid AgNP growth was observed using nanoparticle tracking analysis with 30 s resolution over a period of 17 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) to explore rapid kinetics as a function of pH (SGF at pH 2, 3.5, 4.5 and 5), size (20 and 110 nm AgNPs), and nanoparticle coating (citrate and PVP). Growth was observed for 20 nm AgNP at each pH, decreasing in rate with increasing pH, with the kinetics shifting from second-order to first-order. The 110 nm AgNP showed growth at ≤3.5 pH, with no growth observed at higher pH. This behavior can be explained by the generation of Ag+ in acidic environments, which precipitates with Cl-, leading to particle growth and facilitating particle aggregation by decreasing their electrostatic repulsion in solution. These results highlight the need to further understand the importance of initial size, physicochemical properties, and kinetics of AgNPs after ingestion to assess potential toxicity.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "The (nano) entrepreneur’s dilemma",
"year": 2015,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "10",
"issue": null,
"pages": "199-200",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2015.35",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.35",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Why we need risk innovation",
"year": 2015,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "10",
"issue": null,
"pages": "730-731",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2015.196",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.196",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "A decade of uncertainty",
"year": 2014,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "9",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "159-160",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2014.43",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.43",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Could we 3D print an artificial mind?",
"year": 2014,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "9",
"issue": "12",
"pages": "955-956",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2014.294",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.294",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Exploring boundaries around the safe use of advanced materials: A prospective product-based case studies approach",
"year": 2014,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1016/b978-1-4557-3188-6.00014-1",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-3188-6.00014-1",
"publisher": "William Andrews",
"bookTitle": "Nanotechnology environmental health and safety. Risks, regulations and management. Second Edition",
"editors": "M. Hull and D. Bowman",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Amsterdam"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Is novelty overrated?",
"year": 2014,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "9",
"issue": "6",
"pages": "409-410",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2014.116",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.116",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hodge, G. A.",
"A. D. Maynard",
"D. M. Bowman"
],
"title": "Nanotechnology: Rhetoric, risk and regulation",
"year": 2014,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Science and Public Policy",
"volume": "41",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "1-14",
"doi": "10.1093/scipol/sct029",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/sct029",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanotechnology has engendered much debate. This article asks how we can best approach nanotechnology regulation and aims to separate out the risk rhetoric from the regulatory realities. It argues that any discussion of nanotechnology regulation requires us to traverse three fundamentally distinct languages: the language of ‘nanotechnology’ as a public policy phenomenon; the language of ‘nanotechnologies’ as a set of multiple scientific frontiers; and the language of regulation. These three languages co-exist and have a profound influence in framing policy debates. Nanotechnology needs to be understood as a brand as well as in terms of scientific frontiers. This article suggests that society now confronts a number of pressing regulatory challenges. These include: moving past the language game; filling scientific knowledge gaps; strengthening standards; articulating regulatory gaps; finding the right risk–reward balance; regulating in an optimum manner; and achieving appropriate transparency.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Old materials, new challenges?",
"year": 2014,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "9",
"issue": null,
"pages": "658-659",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2014.196",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.196",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Scherer, L. D.",
"A. Maynard",
"D. C. Dolinoy",
"A. Fagerlin",
"B. Zikmund-Fisher"
],
"title": "The psychology of 'regrettable substitutions': examining consumer judgments of Bisphenol A and its alternatives",
"year": 2014,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Health Risk & Society",
"volume": "16",
"issue": "7-8",
"pages": "649-666",
"doi": "10.1080/13698575.2014.969687",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2014.969687",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Bisphenol A is a chemical used to make certain types of plastics and is found in numerous consumer products. Because scientific studies have raised concerns about Bisphenol A's potential impact on human health, it has been removed from some (but not all) products. What many consumers do not know, however, is that Bisphenol A is often replaced with other, less-studied chemicals whose health implications are virtually unknown. This type of situation is known as a potential 'regrettable substitution', because the substitute material might actually be worse than the material that it replaces. Regrettable substitutions are a common concern among policymakers, and they are a real-world manifestation of the tension that can exist between the desire to avoid risk (known possible consequences that might or might not occur) and ambiguity (second-order uncertainty), which is itself aversive. In this article we examine how people make such trade-offs using the example of Bisphenol A. Using data from Study 1, we show that people have inconsistent preferences toward these alternatives and that choice is largely determined by irrelevant contextual factors such as the order in which the alternatives are evaluated. Using data from Study 2 we further demonstrate that when people are informed of the presence of substitute chemicals, labeling the alternative product as 'free' of Bisphenol A causes them to be significantly more likely to choose the alternative despite its ambiguity. We discuss the relevance of these findings for extant psychological theories as well as their implications for risk, policy and health communication.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hansen, S. F.",
"A. Maynard",
"A. Baun",
"J. A. Tickner",
"D. M. Bowman"
],
"title": "Nanotechnology - early lessons from early warnings",
"year": 2013,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "562-591",
"doi": "10.2800/70069",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.2800/70069",
"publisher": "European Environment Agency",
"bookTitle": "Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation, European Environment Agency: 562-591",
"editors": "David Gee, Philippe Grandjean, Sybille van den Hove, Malcolm MacGarvin, Jock Martin, Gitte Nielsen, David Quist, and David Stanners",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Copenhagen"
},
{
"authors": [
"Ramachandran, G.",
"J. Howard",
"A. Maynard",
"M. Philbert"
],
"title": "Handling Worker and Third-Party Exposures to Nanotherapeutics During Clinical Trials",
"year": 2012,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics",
"volume": "40",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "856-864",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00714.x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00714.x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanomedicine is a rapidly growing field in the academic as well as commercial arena. While some had predicted nanomedicine sales to reach $20.1 billion in 2011, the actual growth was much more rapid, with the global nanomedicine market being valued at $53 billion in 2009, and forecast to increase at an annual growth rate of 13.5% to reach more than $100 billion in 2014. In 2006, more than 130 nanotechnology-based drugs and delivery systems had entered preclinical, clinical, or commercial development. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) reviewed 18 marketing authorization applications for nanomedicines in 2010. In 2011, 22 drugs that had been approved by the FDA, and 87 Phase I and Phase II clinical trials were listed in the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) data base, www.clinicaltrials.gov. Although the fastest growing areas of nanomedicine are applications in medical imaging and diagnosis using contrast-enhancing agents, most nanomedicine research and commercialization is in the area of cancer drug therapy, including nano gold shells.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Fatehi, L.",
"S. M. Wolf",
"J. McCullough",
"R. Hall",
"F. Lawrenz",
"J. P. Kahn",
"C. Jones",
"S. A. Campbell",
"R. S. Dresser",
"A. G. Erdman",
"C. L. Haynes",
"R. A. Hoerr",
"L. F. Hogle",
"M. A. Keane",
"G. Khushf",
"N. M. P. King",
"E. Kokkoli",
"G. Marchant",
"A. D. Maynard",
"M. Philbert",
"G. Ramachandran",
"R. A. Siegel",
"S. Wickline"
],
"title": "Recommendations for Nanomedicine Human Subjects Research Oversight: An Evolutionary Approach for an Emerging Field",
"year": 2012,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics",
"volume": "40",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "716-750",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00703.x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00703.x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanomedicine is yielding new and improved treatments and diagnostics for a range of diseases and disorders. Nanomedicine applications incorporate materials and components with nanoscale dimensions (often defined as 1-100 nm, but sometimes defined to include dimensions up to 1000 nm, as discussed further below) where novel physiochemical properties emerge as a result of size-dependent phenomena and high surface-to-mass ratio. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics are a subset of nanomedicine products that enter the human body. These include drugs, biological products (biologics), implantable medical devices, and combination products that are designed to function in the body in ways unachievable at larger scales. Nanotherapeutics andin vivonanodiagnostics incorporate materials that are engineered at the nanoscale to express novel properties that are medicinally useful. These nanomedicine applications can also contain nanomaterials that are biologically active, producing interactions that depend on biological triggers. Examples include nanoscale formulations of insoluble drugs to improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, drugs encapsulated in hollow nanoparticles with the ability to target and cross cellular and tissue membranes (including the bloodbrain barrier) and to release their payload at a specific time or location, imaging agents that demonstrate novel optical properties to aid in locating micrometastases, and antimicrobial and drug-eluting components or coatings of implantable medical devices such as stents.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"A. Grobe",
"O. Renn"
],
"title": "Responsible innovation, Global Governance, and Emerging Technologies",
"year": 2012,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "168-187",
"doi": "10.4324/9780203135686-21",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203135686-21",
"publisher": "Routledge",
"bookTitle": "Can Emerging Technologies Make a Difference in Development? R",
"editors": "Rachel A. Parker and Richard P. Appelbaum",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "New York"
},
{
"authors": [
"Ramachandran G.",
"Ostraat M.",
"Evans DE.",
"Methner MM.",
"O'Shaughnessy P.",
"D'Arcy J.",
"et al"
],
"title": "A Strategy for Assessing Workplace Exposures to Nanomaterials",
"year": 2011,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "JOEH",
"volume": "8",
"issue": "11",
"pages": "673-685",
"doi": "10.1080/15459624.2011.613348",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2011.613348",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "This study presents exposure data for various metal oxides in facilities that produce or use nanoscale metal oxides. Exposure assessment surveys were conducted at seven facilities encompassing small, medium, and large manufacturers and end users of nanoscale (particles <0.1 μm diameter) metal oxides, including the oxides of titanium, magnesium, yttrium, aluminum, calcium, and iron. Half- and full-shift sampling consisting of various direct-reading and mass-based area and personal aerosol sampling was employed to measure exposure for various tasks. Workers in large facilities performing handling tasks had the highest mass concentrations for all analytes. However, higher mass concentrations occurred in medium facilities and during production for all analytes in area samples. Medium-sized facilities had higher particle number concentrations in the air, followed by small facilities for all particle sizes measured. Production processes generally had the highest particle number concentrations, particularly for the smaller particles. Similar to particle number, the medium-sized facilities and production process had the highest particle surface area concentration. TEM analysis confirmed the presence of the specific metal oxides particles of interest, and the majority of the particles were agglomerated, with the predominant particle size being between 0.1 and 1 μm. The greatest potential for exposure to workers occurred during the handling process. However, the exposure is occurring at levels that are well below established and proposed limits.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Challenges in Nanoparticle Risk Assessment",
"year": 2011,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-19",
"doi": "10.1016/b978-1-4377-7863-2.00001-7",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-7863-2.00001-7",
"publisher": "William Andrew Inc",
"bookTitle": "Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health",
"editors": "Gurumurthy Ramachandran",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Waltham, MA"
},
{
"authors": [
"Kriegel, C.",
"J. Koehne",
"S. Tinkle",
"A. D. Maynard",
"R. A. Hill"
],
"title": "Challenges of Trainees in a Multidisciplinary Research Program: Nano-Biotechnology",
"year": 2011,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J. Chemical Edu.",
"volume": "88",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "53-55",
"doi": "10.1021/ed1001174",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/ed1001174",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "The breadth of knowledge required for the multidisciplinary field of nanotechnology challenges and extends traditional concepts of multidisciplinary graduate education. There is a paucity of information, both general reporting and peer-reviewed studies, on the challenges for graduate students working in this multidisciplinary paradigm, from the students’ perspectives. We report two graduate-student perspectives from different instructional models: (i) the core academic department that has expanded student choice by allowing additional classes to be taken from outside the core department and (ii) multiple departments working together to provide choice and diversity across the curriculum. We find, even after many years of multidisciplinary research, that traditional university organizational structure does not easily accommodate multidisciplinary research. In addition, administrative autonomy of academic departments and colleges, competition among various departments for contracts and grant submission, and a disconnect between research and teaching challenge multidisciplinary research endeavors. The students recommend that (i) university administrators support multidisciplinary departments and develop mechanisms to promote faculty participation; (ii) institutions and departments provide more multidisciplinary groups, centers, and institutes and encourage networking through broad collaboration; (iii) more graduate and postdoctoral fellowships for multidisciplinary research be created; and (iv) departments create more flexible curricula allowing their students to participate in more courses outside the department, necessary for a multidisciplinary thesis. Progress in multidisciplinary science will rely both on deep, specialized knowledge and, increasingly, on scientists who can speak a number of scientific languages and take advantage of synergistic connections. As new and more effective approaches to multidisciplinary training are developed, perhaps it is time to listen more to those with the most intimate experience of the system’s successes and failures—the students who are training now to be the next generation of research leaders.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Don’t define nanomaterials",
"year": 2011,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature",
"volume": "475",
"issue": null,
"pages": "31",
"doi": "10.1038/475031a",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/475031a",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard AD.",
"Warheit D.",
"Philbert MA."
],
"title": "The New Toxicology of Sophisticated Materials: Nanotoxicology and Beyond",
"year": 2011,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Toxicological Sciences",
"volume": "120",
"issue": "Suppl 1",
"pages": "S109-S129",
"doi": "10.1093/toxsci/kfq372",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq372",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "It has long been recognized that the physical form of materials can mediate their toxicity—the health impacts of asbestiform materials, industrial aerosols, and ambient particulate matter are prime examples. Yet over the past 20 years, toxicology research has suggested complex and previously unrecognized associations between material physicochemistry at the nanoscale and biological interactions. With the rapid rise of the field of nanotechnology and the design and production of increasingly complex nanoscale materials, it has become ever more important to understand how the physical form and chemical composition of these materials interact synergistically to determine toxicity. As a result, a new field of research has emerged—nanotoxicology. Research within this field is highlighting the importance of material physicochemical properties in how dose is understood, how materials are characterized in a manner that enables quantitative data interpretation and comparison, and how materials move within, interact with, and are transformed by biological systems. Yet many of the substances that are the focus of current nanotoxicology studies are relatively simple materials that are at the vanguard of a new era of complex materials. Over the next 50 years, there will be a need to understand the toxicology of increasingly sophisticated materials that exhibit novel, dynamic and multifaceted functionality. If the toxicology community is to meet the challenge of ensuring the safe use of this new generation of substances, it will need to move beyond “nano” toxicology and toward a new toxicology of sophisticated materials. Here, we present a brief overview of the current state of the science on the toxicology of nanoscale materials and focus on three emerging toxicology-based challenges presented by sophisticated materials that will become increasingly important over the next 50 years: identifying relevant materials for study, physicochemical characterization, and biointeractions.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"D. Bowman",
"G. Hodge"
],
"title": "The problem of regulating sophisticated materials",
"year": 2011,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature Materials",
"volume": "10",
"issue": null,
"pages": "554-557",
"doi": "10.1038/nmat3085",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3085",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Volkwein, J. C.",
"A. D. Maynard",
"M. Harper"
],
"title": "Workplace aerosol measurement",
"year": 2011,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "571-590",
"doi": "10.1002/9781118001684.ch25",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118001684.ch25",
"publisher": "Wiley & Sons, Inc",
"bookTitle": "Aerosol Measurement. Principles, Techniques and Applications. Third Edition",
"editors": "Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke",
"series": null,
"abstract": "This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Aerosol Exposure Measurement in the Workplace Sampling Conventions Direct-Reading Instruments Particle Size Measurement Current Trends List of Symbols References",
"notes": null,
"place": "Hoboken, NJ"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"D. M. Bowman",
"G. A. Hodge"
],
"title": "Conclusions: Triggers, gaps, risks and trust",
"year": 2010,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.4337/9781849808125.00037",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849808125.00037",
"publisher": "Edward Elgar",
"bookTitle": "International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies",
"editors": "G. A. Hodge, D. M. Bowman, and A. D. Maynard",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Cheltenham, UK"
},
{
"authors": [
"Abbott L.C.",
"Maynard A.D."
],
"title": "Exposure Assessment Approaches for Engineered Nanomaterials",
"year": 2010,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Risk Analysis",
"volume": "30",
"issue": "11",
"pages": "1634-1644",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01446.x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01446.x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Products based on nanotechnology are rapidly emerging in the marketplace, sometimes with little notice to consumers of their nanotechnology pedigree. This wide variety of nanotechnology products will result (in some cases) in unintentional human exposure to purposely engineered nanoscale materials via the dermal, inhalation, ingestion, and ocular pathways. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposure to the nanomaterials should be characterized during the entire product lifecycle-manufacture, use, and disposal. Monitoring the fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials is complicated by the lack of detection techniques and the lack of a defined set of standardized metrics to be consistently measured. New exposure metrics may be required for engineered nanomaterials, but progress is possible by building on existing tools. An exposure metric matrix could organize existing data by relating likely exposure pathways (dermal, inhalation, ocular, ingestion) with existing measurements of important characteristics of nanoscale materials (particle number, mass, size distribution, charge). Nanomaterial characteristics not commonly measured, but shown to initiate a biological response during toxicity testing, signal a need for further research, such as the pressing need to develop monitoring devices capable of measuring those aspects of engineered nanomaterials that result in biological responses in humans. Modeling the behavior of nanoparticles may require new types of exposure models that individually track particles through the environment while keeping track of the particle shape, surface area, and other surface characteristics as the nanoparticles are transformed or become reactive. Lifecycle analysis could also be used to develop conceptual models of exposure from engineered nanomaterials.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hodge, G.",
"D. Bowman",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies",
"year": 2010,
"format": "edited-book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.4337/9781849808125",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849808125",
"publisher": "Cheltenham, England, Edward Elgar",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "as these are crying out for explication, but Pearson and Porath are keen to serve a general audience rather than take up the lead.They deal with costs, but the book would have been greatly enhanced if they had given more thought to the costs of information when considering incivility.Despite this neglect of information costs, the top ten things that firms can do to create a civil workplace (chapter 13) all have a strong information component: (1) set zero tolerance expectations; (2) look in the mirror (which means that managers and executive must strive to live by the norms that have been set); (3) weed out trouble before it enters your organization; (4) teach civility; (5) train employees and managers how to recognize and respond to signals; (6) put your ear to the ground and listen carefully; (7) when incivility occurs, hammer it; (8) take complaints seriously; (9) do not make excuses for powerful instigators; and (10) invest in post departure interviews.There seems to be wisdom in this and the advice could be put to good use by managers trying either to curtail incivility or to manage innovation.Having read The Cost of Bad Behavior, I am convinced that incivility has a considerable cost.It can corrode an organization from the inside.I suspect that innovation is a major casualty of incivility.Perhaps the biggest threat is the impact on knowledge and by that, I mean knowledge embedded in employees.The authors quote William Faulkner: 'A mule will labor ten years willingly and patiently for you, for the privilege of kicking you once' (p.30).One kick could sink an expensive project, and more could threaten the organization.When incivility becomes entrenched and systematized, it really should not be ignored.The Cost of Bad Behavior alerts us to the possible consequences.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hodge, G. A.",
"D. M. Bowman",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "Introduction: The Regulatory Challenges for Nanotechnologies",
"year": 2010,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.4337/9781849808125.00008",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849808125.00008",
"publisher": "Edward Elgar",
"bookTitle": "International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies",
"editors": "G. A. Hodge, D. M. Bowman, and A. D. Maynard",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Cheltenham, UK"
},
{
"authors": [
"Shatkin JA.",
"Abbott LC.",
"Bradley AE.",
"Canady RA.",
"Guidotti T.",
"Kulinowski KM.",
"et al"
],
"title": "Nano Risk Analysis: Advancing the Science for Nanomaterials Risk Management",
"year": 2010,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Risk Analysis",
"volume": "30",
"issue": "11",
"pages": "1680-1687",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01493.x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01493.x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Scientists, activists, industry, and governments have raised concerns about health and environmental risks of nanoscale materials. The Society for Risk Analysis convened experts in September 2008 in Washington, DC to deliberate on issues relating to the unique attributes of nanoscale materials that raise novel concerns about health risks. This article reports on the overall themes and findings of the workshop, uncovering the underlying issues for each of these topics that become recurring themes. The attributes of nanoscale particles and other nanomaterials that present novel issues for risk analysis are evaluated in a risk analysis framework, identifying challenges and opportunities for risk analysts and others seeking to assess and manage the risks from emerging nanoscale materials and nanotechnologies. Workshop deliberations and recommendations for advancing the risk analysis and management of nanotechnologies are presented.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety: Risks, Regulation and Management Foreword",
"year": 2010,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1016/b978-0-8155-1586-9.10012-x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-8155-1586-9.10012-x",
"publisher": "Elsevier Science Bv",
"bookTitle": "Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety: Risks, Regulation and Management",
"editors": "Matthew Hull and Diana Bowman",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Amsterdam"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Commentary: Oversight of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Workplace",
"year": 2009,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J Law Med Ethics",
"volume": "37",
"issue": null,
"pages": "651-658",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00438.x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00438.x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Research and business investment in emerging nanotechnologies is leading to a diverse range of new substances and products. As workers are faced with handling new materials, often with novel properties, the robustness of current workplace health and safety regulatory frameworks is being brought into question. Here, 12 characteristics of the U.S. occupational safety regulatory framework identified by Choi and Ramachandran are considered in the context of emerging nanotechnologies. The assessment suggests that, as the number of new materials entering the workplace continues to increase, OSHA will need to develop flexible approaches to identifying and reducing potential risks. Relying on conventional approaches in the face of unconventional challenges will increase the probability of otherwise avoidable heath impacts. If the potential for engineered nanomaterials to cause harm is to be understood and managed, the agency will need to look at new approaches to generating, sharing, and using information.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Park, J. Y.",
"Raynor, P. C.",
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Eberly, L. E.",
"Ramachandran, G."
],
"title": "Comparison of two estimation methods for surface area concentration using number concentration and mass concentration of combustion-related ultrafine particles. Atm",
"year": 2009,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environ.",
"volume": "43",
"issue": null,
"pages": "502-509",
"doi": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.020",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.020",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Poland, C. A.",
"R. Duffin",
"I. Kinloch",
"A. Maynard",
"W. A. H. Wallace",
"A. Seaton",
"V. Stone",
"S. Brown",
"W. MacNee",
"K. Donaldson"
],
"title": "Multi-wall carbon nanotubes and the asbestos fibre pathogenicity paradigm",
"year": 2009,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": "Journal of Physics: Conference Series",
"volume": "151",
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": "IOP Publishing",
"bookTitle": "Inhaled Particles X",
"editors": "Lee Kenny and Fintan Hurley",
"series": null,
"abstract": "The unique hazard posed to the pleural mesothelium by asbestos has engendered concern in potential for a similar risk from high aspect ratio nanoparticles (HARN) such as carbon nanotubes. In the course of studying the potential impact of HARN on the pleura we have utilised the existing hypothesis regarding the role of the parietal pleura in the response to long fibres. This review seeks to synthesise our new data with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) with that hypothesis for the behaviour of long fibres in the lung and their retention in the parietal pleura leading to the initiation of inflammation and pleural pathology such as mesothelioma. We describe evidence that a fraction of all deposited particles reach the pleura and that a mechanism of particle clearance from the pleura exits, through stomata in the parietal pleura. We suggest that these stomata are the site of retention of long fibres which cannot negotiate them leading to inflammation and pleural pathology including mesothelioma. We cite thoracoscopic data to support the contention, as would be anticipated from the preceding, that the parietal pleura is the site of origin of pleural mesothelioma. This mechanism, if it finds support, has important implications for future research into the mesothelioma hazard from HARN and also for our current view of the origins of asbestos-initiated pleural mesothelioma and the common use of lung parenchymal asbestos fibre burden as a correlate of this tumour, which actually arises in the parietal pleura.",
"notes": null,
"place": "Bristol"
},
{
"authors": [
"Aitken, R. J.",
"P. J. A. Borm",
"K. Donaldson",
"G. Ichihara",
"S. Loft",
"F. Marano",
"A. D. Maynard",
"G. Oberdörster",
"H. Stamm",
"V. Stone",
"L. Tran",
"H. Wallin"
],
"title": "Nanoparticles: one word: a multiplicity of different hazards",
"year": 2009,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nanotoxicology",
"volume": "3",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "263-264",
"doi": "10.3109/17435390903337701",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390903337701",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology: Ensuring Success through Safety",
"year": 2009,
"format": "journal-article",
"journal": "Science & Technology",
"volume": "3",
"issue": null,
"pages": "66-67",
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Heitbrink, W. A.",
"D. E. Evans",
"B. K. Ku",
"A. D. Maynard",
"T. J. Slavin",
"T. M. Peters"
],
"title": "Relationships Among Particle Number, Surface Area, and Respirable Mass Concentrations in Automotive Engine Manufacturing",
"year": 2009,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J. Occup. Environ. Hyg.",
"volume": "6",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "19-31",
"doi": "10.1080/15459620802530096",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620802530096",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "This study investigated the relationships between particle number, surface area, and respirable mass concentration measured simultaneously in a foundry and an automotive engine machining and assembly center. Aerosol concentrations were measured throughout each plant with a condensation particle counter for number concentration, a diffusion charger for active surface area concentration, and an optical particle counter for respirable mass concentration. At selected locations, particle size distributions were characterized with the optical particle counter and an electrical low pressure impactor. Statistical analyses showed that active surface area concentration was correlated with ultrafine particle number concentration and weakly correlated with respirable mass concentration. Correlation between number and active surface area concentration was stronger during winter (R2 = 0.6 for both plants) than in the summer (R2 = 0.38 and 0.36 for the foundry and engine plant respectively). The stronger correlation in winter was attributed to use of direct-fire gas fired heaters that produced substantial numbers of ultrafine particles with a modal diameter between 0.007 and 0.023 mu m. These correlations support findings obtained through theoretical analysis. Such analysis predicts that active surface area increasingly underestimates geometric surface area with increasing particle size, particularly for particles larger than 100 nm. Thus, a stronger correlation between particle number concentration and active surface area concentration is expected in the presence of high concentrations of ultrafine particles. In general, active surface area concentration may be a concentration metric that is distinct from particle number concentration and respirable mass concentration. For future health effects or toxicological studies involving nano-materials or ultrafine aerosols, this finding needs to be considered, as exposure metrics may influence data interpretation.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"D. Rejeski"
],
"title": "Too small to overlook",
"year": 2009,
"format": "commentary",
"journal": "Nature",
"volume": "460",
"issue": null,
"pages": "174",
"doi": "10.1038/460174a",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/460174a",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Poland, C. A.",
"Duffin, R.",
"Kinloch, I.",
"Maynard, A.",
"Wallace, W. A. H.",
"Seaton, A.",
"Stone, V.",
"Brown, S.",
"MacNee, W.",
"Donaldson, K."
],
"title": "Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study",
"year": 2008,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "3",
"issue": null,
"pages": "423-428",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2008.111",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.111",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Engineered Nanomaterials",
"year": 2008,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1002/9780470061596.risk0305",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470061596.risk0305",
"publisher": "Wiley and Sons Ltd",
"bookTitle": "Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Assessment. Chichester, John Wiley and Sons Ltd",
"editors": "E. L. Melnick and B. S. Everitt",
"series": null,
"abstract": "Abstract Engineered nanomaterials are a product of nanotechnology, and have an intentionally produced structure at the scale of approximately 1–100 nm. These materials demonstrate properties that depend on a carefully controlled and implemented nanostructure; the close dependency between this structure and material functionality challenges how quantitative risk assessment is applied to some engineered nanomaterials. For instance, nanostructure‐related functionality may lead to health risks that depend on properties such as particle size, surface area, and shape. There is evidence that the size, surface area, surface chemistry, and possibly shape of some engineered nanomaterials may determine transport and response within the body. Quantitative risk assessment of these materials will depend on determining when they behave differently from conventional materials, what properties are associated with their potential impact, and how exposure, dose and response can be most appropriately evaluated. At present, insufficient data and incomplete methodologies are available for conducting comprehensive quantitative risk assessments on many emerging nanomaterials. Until more comprehensive information is available, it will be necessary to identify those nanomaterials that present unique challenges, and to use existing information together with expert extrapolation as a basis for qualitative and semi‐quantitative risk assessment.",
"notes": null,
"place": "Chichester, UK"
},
{
"authors": [
"Shvedova, A. A.",
"Kisin, E.",
"Murray, A. R.",
"Johnson, V. J.",
"Gorelik, O.",
"Arepalli, S.",
"Hubbs, A. F.",
"Mercer, R. R.",
"Keohavong, P.",
"Sussman, N.",
"Jin, J.",
"Yin, J.",
"Stone, S.",
"Chen, B. T.",
"Deye, G.",
"Maynard, A.",
"Castranova, V.",
"Baron, P. A.",
"Kagan, V. E."
],
"title": "Inhalation vs. aspiration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice: inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and mutagenesis. Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol",
"year": 2008,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Physiol.",
"volume": "295",
"issue": null,
"pages": "L552-L565",
"doi": "10.1152/ajplung.90287.2008",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90287.2008",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanomaterials are frontier technological products used in different manufactured goods. Because of their unique physicochemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are finding numerous applications in electronics, aerospace devices, computers, and chemical, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries. SWCNT are relatively recently discovered members of the carbon allotropes that are similar in structure to fullerenes and graphite. Previously, we ( 47 ) have reported that pharyngeal aspiration of purified SWCNT by C57BL/6 mice caused dose-dependent granulomatous pneumonia, oxidative stress, acute inflammatory/cytokine responses, fibrosis, and decrease in pulmonary function. To avoid potential artifactual effects due to instillation/agglomeration associated with SWCNT, we conducted inhalation exposures using stable and uniform SWCNT dispersions obtained by a newly developed aerosolization technique ( 2 ). The inhalation of nonpurified SWCNT (iron content of 17.7% by weight) at 5 mg/m3, 5 h/day for 4 days was compared with pharyngeal aspiration of varying doses (5–20 μg per mouse) of the same SWCNT. The chain of pathological events in both exposure routes was realized through synergized interactions of early inflammatory response and oxidative stress culminating in the development of multifocal granulomatous pneumonia and interstitial fibrosis. SWCNT inhalation was more effective than aspiration in causing inflammatory response, oxidative stress, collagen deposition, and fibrosis as well as mutations of K- ras gene locus in the lung of C57BL/6 mice.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Hansen, S. F.",
"Maynard, A.",
"Baun, A.",
"Tickner, J. A."
],
"title": "Late lessons from early warnings for nanotechnology",
"year": 2008,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nature Nanotechnology",
"volume": "3",
"issue": null,
"pages": "444-447",
"doi": "10.1038/nnano.2008.198",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.198",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Pui, D. Y. H.",
"C. Qi",
"N. Stanley",
"G. Oberdörster",
"A. Maynard"
],
"title": "Recirculating Air Filtration Significantly Reduces Exposure to Airborne Nanoparticles",
"year": 2008,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environ Health Perspect",
"volume": "16",
"issue": "7",
"pages": "863-866",
"doi": "10.1289/ehp.11169",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11169",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Development and application of this technology could lead to significant reductions in airborne nanoparticle exposure, reducing possible risks to health and providing solutions for generating nanomaterials safely.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Aitken, R. J."
],
"title": "Assessing exposure to airborne nanomaterials: Current abilities and future requirements",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nanotoxicology",
"volume": "1",
"issue": null,
"pages": "26-41",
"doi": "10.1080/17435390701314720",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390701314720",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "For over half a century, health-related aerosol exposure measurements have been characterized in terms of the mass of material present per unit volume of air. Yet recent research has challenged the applicability of this paradigm to airborne nanometer-scale particles (nanoparticles) and nanometer-structured particles (nanostructured particles). By classifying engineered nanoparticles into categories based on physical/chemical structure, and relating these categories to health impact-relevant attributes, we have explored the applicability of different physical exposure metrics to a range of particle class/attribute combinations. Using this approach, it is clear that no single method for monitoring nanoaerosol exposure will suit all nanomaterials. Rather, there will be occasions where particle number, surface area and even mass concentration measurements will play an important role in evaluating potential impact. Correspondingly, currently available techniques to measure exposure against these three metrics are reviewed. While current methods enable aerosol concentration to be evaluated against all three metrics, most techniques are inappropriate for making routine personal exposure measurements on a regular basis. We therefore explore the idea of a universal aerosol monitor, which would enable personal exposure measurements to be collected for all three metrics simultaneously, while being inexpensive enough to encourage widespread use. Such a device would provide an economical and adaptable solution to monitoring exposure to nanostructured aerosols, as both the materials and information on the potential risks they present are developed.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Balbus, J. M.",
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Colvin, V. L.",
"Castranova, V.",
"Daston, G. P.",
"Denison, R. A.",
"Dreher, K. L.",
"Goering, P. L.",
"Goldberg, A. M.",
"Kulinowski, K. M.",
"Monteiro-Riviere, N. A.",
"Oberdörster, G.",
"Omenn, G. S.",
"Pinkerton, K. E.",
"Ramos, K. S.",
"Rest, K. M.",
"Sass, J. B.",
"Silbergeld, E. K.",
"Wong, B. A."
],
"title": "Hazard Assessment for Nanoparticles: Report from an Interdisciplinary Workshop",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environ Health Perspect",
"volume": "115",
"issue": null,
"pages": "1654-1659",
"doi": "10.1289/ehp.10327",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10327",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "In this report we present the findings from a nanotoxicology workshop held 6-7 April 2006 at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. Over 2 days, 26 scientists from government, academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations addressed two specific questions: what information is needed to understand the human health impact of engineered nanoparticles and how is this information best obtained? To assess hazards of nanoparticles in the near-term, most participants noted the need to use existing in vivo toxicologic tests because of their greater familiarity and interpretability. For all types of toxicology tests, the best measures of nanoparticle dose need to be determined. Most participants agreed that a standard set of nanoparticles should be validated by laboratories worldwide and made available for benchmarking tests of other newly created nanoparticles. The group concluded that a battery of tests should be developed to uncover particularly hazardous properties. Given the large number of diverse materials, most participants favored a tiered approach. Over the long term, research aimed at developing a mechanistic understanding of the numerous characteristics that influence nanoparticle toxicity was deemed essential. Predicting the potential toxicity of emerging nanoparticles will require hypothesis-driven research that elucidates how physicochemical parameters influence toxic effects on biological systems. Research needs should be determined in the context of the current availability of testing methods for nanoscale particles. Finally, the group identified general policy and strategic opportunities to accelerate the development and implementation of testing protocols and ensure that the information generated is translated effectively for all stakeholders.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Kandlikar, M.",
"Ramachandran, G.",
"Maynard, A.",
"Murdock, B.",
"Toscano, W. A."
],
"title": "Health risk assessment for nanoparticles: A case for using expert judgment. J. Nanopart",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Res.",
"volume": "9",
"issue": null,
"pages": "137-156",
"doi": "10.1007/s11051-006-9154-x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-006-9154-x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Ku, B. K.",
"Emery, M.",
"Stolzenburg, M.",
"McMurry, P. H."
],
"title": "Measuring particle size-dependent physicochemical structure in airborne single walled carbon nanotube agglomerates. J. Nanopart",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Res.",
"volume": "9",
"issue": null,
"pages": "85-92",
"doi": "10.1007/s11051-006-9178-2",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-006-9178-2",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanoparticle Safety - A Perspective from the United States",
"year": 2007,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1039/9781847557766-00118",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847557766-00118",
"publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
"bookTitle": "Nanotechnology. Consequences for Human Health and the Environment. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 24",
"editors": "R. E. Hester and R. M. Harrison",
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanotechnology has variously been described as a transformative technology, an enabling technology and the next technological revolution. Even accounting for a certain level of hype, a heady combination of high-level investment, rapid scientific progress and exponentially increasing commercialisatio...",
"notes": null,
"place": "Cambridge, UK"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"D. Y. H. Pui"
],
"title": "Nanoparticles and Occupational Health",
"year": 2007,
"format": "edited-book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.6027/tn2007-581",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.6027/tn2007-581",
"publisher": "Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Rapid growth in the nanoparticle industry is anticipated in the Nordic countries owing to highly focused national research and investment initiatives. Knowledge on consequences for occupational exposures to engineered nanoparticles and appropriate technical control levels is still limited. This report explores existing knowledge on exposure risks and technical control approaches. The report concludes that data are too limited to allow general conclusions to be drawn regarding risks of exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Engineering techniques for controlling nanoparticle exposure can build on the current knowledge and approaches to control exposure to e.g. welding fume and carbon black. There is a need for improving the quality of information provided in Material Safety Data Sheets.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanotechnologies: Overview and issues",
"year": 2007,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-14",
"doi": "10.1007/978-1-4020-6076-2_1",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6076-2_1",
"publisher": "Springer",
"bookTitle": "Nanotechnology - Toxicological issues and environmental safety",
"editors": "P. P. Simeonova, N. Opopol, and M. I. Luster",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Dordrecht"
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Pui, D. Y. H."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology and occupational health: New technologies - new challenges. J. Nanopart",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Res.",
"volume": "9",
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-3",
"doi": "10.1007/s11051-006-9164-8",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-006-9164-8",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology: The next big thing, or much ado about nothing?",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Annals of Occupational Hygiene",
"volume": "51",
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-12",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/mel071",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mel071",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanotechnology encompasses an increasingly sophisticated ability to manipulate matter at the nanoscale, resulting in new materials, products and devices that demonstrate new and unusual behaviour. While emerging nanotechnologies have great potential for good, there are increasing concerns that the selfsame attributes that make them attractive will also lead to new risks to human health. Research to date suggests that some purposely made nanomaterials will present hazards based on their structure--as well as their chemistry--thus challenging many conventional approaches to risk assessment and management. People involved in making and using these materials need to know what the risks are and how to manage them, if safe nanotechnology-based businesses are to emerge. Yet the challenges faced by the occupational hygiene community in ensuring safe nano-workplaces are substantial. We currently know enough to suggest that some engineered nanomaterials will present new and unusual risks, but there is very little information on how these risks can be identified, assessed and controlled. And many nanomaterials are in production and use now. Good occupational hygiene practices and existing knowledge on working with hazardous substances provide a useful basis for working safely with nanomaterials. But where existing knowledge fails, new research is needed to fill the gaps: this must be strategically administered and targeted to addressing specific issues in a timely manner. Failing to take these steps will ultimately lead to people's health being endangered and emerging nanotechnologies floundering. However, with foresight, sound science and strategic research, we have the opportunity to ensure that emerging nanotechnologies are as safe as possible, while reaching their full potential.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanotoxicology: Laying a firm foundation for sustainable nanotechnologies",
"year": 2007,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "1-6",
"doi": "10.3109/9781420045154-2",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/9781420045154-2",
"publisher": "Informa",
"bookTitle": "Nanotoxicology. Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects",
"editors": "N. A. Monteiro-Riviere and C. L. Tran",
"series": null,
"abstract": "Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.INTRODUCTIONIn 2004, Donaldson and colleagues proposed a new idea to the world of toxicology-the idea that nanometer-scale particles behave so differently from their larger counterparts that a new subcategory of the field was needed (1). They named the new subcategory nanotoxicology-a term which found further support the following year in the review “Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles” by Oberdo¨rster et al. (2). SinceDonaldson et al.’s original paper, nanotoxicology as a field of study has come into its own: Numerous meetings and conferences have been held around the world on the topic since 2004, and a casual search of the Web of Science shows the number of papers using the term to be increasing each year. The collection of chapters in this book is the latest step in thematuration of nanotoxicology from an idea to a recognized discipline, and represents a distillation of the knowledge and concepts that are defining the field. This collection is both an important milestone along the road to understanding and managing potential risks associated with nanoscale particles and a signpost to guiding future investigations. But there is still a long way to go before we can assess or predict the biological impact of nanoscale particles with confidence.",
"notes": null,
"place": "New York"
},
{
"authors": [
"Ku, B. K.",
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Baron, P. A.",
"Deye, G. J."
],
"title": "Observation and measurement of anomalous responses in a differential mobility analyzer caused by ultrafine fibrous carbon aerosols. J",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Electrostatics",
"volume": "65",
"issue": null,
"pages": "542-548",
"doi": "10.1016/j.elstat.2006.10.012",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2006.10.012",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Wallace, W. E.",
"M. J. Keane",
"D. K. Murray",
"W. P. Chisholm",
"A. D. Maynard",
"T.-M. Ong"
],
"title": "Phospholipid lung surfactant and nanoparticle surface toxicity: Lessons from diesel soots and silicate dusts",
"year": 2007,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Nanoparticle Research",
"volume": "9",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "23-38",
"doi": "10.1007/978-1-4020-5859-2_4",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5859-2_4",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology: A Research Strategy for Addressing Risk",
"year": 2006,
"format": "report",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": "https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/pen-3-nanotechnology-research-strategy-for-addressing-risk",
"publisher": "Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": "PEN 3",
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Ku, B. K.",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "Generation and investigation of airborne silver nanoparticles with specific size and morphology by homogeneous nucleation, coagulation and sintering. J",
"year": 2006,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Aerosol Sci.",
"volume": "37",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "452-470",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.05.003",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.05.003",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Ku, B. K.",
"Emery, M. S.",
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Stolzenburg, M. R.",
"McMurry, P. H."
],
"title": "In situ structure characterization of airborne carbon nanofibres by a tandem mobility-mass analysis",
"year": 2006,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nanotechnology",
"volume": "17",
"issue": null,
"pages": "3613-3621",
"doi": "10.1088/0957-4484/17/14/042",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/14/042",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Carbon nanofibres aerosolized by the agitation of as-produced commercial powder have been characterized in situ by using the differential mobility analyser-aerosol particle mass analyser (DMA-APM) method to determine their structural properties such as the effective density and fractal dimension for toxicology study. The effective density of the aerosolized carbon nanofibres decreased from 1.2 to 0.4 g cm(-3) as the mobility diameters increased from 100 to 700 nm, indicating that the carbon nanofibres had open structures with an overall void that increased with increasing diameter, due to increased agglomeration of the nanofibres. This was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, showing that 100 nm mobility diameter nanofibres were predominantly single fibres, while doubly or triply attached fibres were seen at mobility diameters of 200 and 400 nm. Effective densities calculated using Cox's theory were in reasonable agreement with experimental values. The mass fractal dimension of the carbon nanofibres was found to be 2.38 over the size range measured and higher than that of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), suggesting that the carbon nanofibres have more compact structure than SWCNTs.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Tsuji, J. S.",
"A. D. Maynard",
"P. C. Howard",
"J. T. James",
"C. W. Lam",
"D. B. Warheit",
"A. B. Santamaria"
],
"title": "Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part IV: Risk assessment of nanoparticles",
"year": 2006,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Toxicological Sciences",
"volume": "89",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "42-50",
"doi": "10.1093/toxsci/kfi339",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi339",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Nanoparticles are small-scale substances (<100 nm) with unique properties and, thus, complex exposure and health risk implications. This symposium review summarizes recent findings in exposure and toxicity of nanoparticles and their application for assessing human health risks. Characterization of airborne particles indicates that exposures will depend on particle behavior (e.g., disperse or aggregate) and that accurate, portable, and cost-effective measurement techniques are essential for understanding exposure. Under many conditions, dermal penetration of nanoparticles may be limited for consumer products such as sunscreens, although additional studies are needed on potential photooxidation products, experimental methods, and the effect of skin condition on penetration. Carbon nanotubes apparently have greater pulmonary toxicity (inflammation, granuloma) in mice than fine-scale carbon graphite, and their metal content may affect toxicity. Studies on TiO2 and quartz illustrate the complex relationship between toxicity and particle characteristics, including surface coatings, which make generalizations (e.g., smaller particles are always more toxic) incorrect for some substances. These recent toxicity and exposure data, combined with therapeutic and other related literature, are beginning to shape risk assessments that will be used to regulate the use of nanomaterials in consumer products.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"R. J. Aitken",
"T. Butz",
"V. Colvin",
"K. Donaldson",
"G. Oberdörster",
"M. A. Philbert",
"J. Ryan",
"A. Seaton",
"V. Stone",
"S. S. Tinkle",
"L. Tran",
"N. J. Walker",
"D. B. Warheit"
],
"title": "Safe handling of nanotechnology",
"year": 2006,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nature",
"volume": "444",
"issue": "16",
"pages": "267-269",
"doi": "10.1038/444267a",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/444267a",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Peters, T.",
"W. A. Heitbrink",
"E. D. E.",
"S. T. J.",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "The Mapping of Fine and Ultrafine Particle Concentrations in an Engine Machining and Assembly Facility. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2006,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "50",
"issue": "3",
"pages": "249-257",
"doi": "10.1080/15459620701290081",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620701290081",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Very fine particle number and mass concentrations were mapped in an engine machining and assembly facility in the winter and summer. A condensation particle counter (CPC) was used to measure particle number concentrations in the 0.01 microm to 1 microm range, and an optical particle counter (OPC) was used to measure particle number concentrations in 15 channels between 0.3 microm and 20 microm. The OPC measurements were used to estimate the respirable mass concentration. Very fine particle number concentrations were estimated by subtracting the OPC particle number concentrations from 0.3 microm to 1 microm from the CPC number concentrations. At specific locations during the summer visit, an electrical low pressure impactor was used to measure particle size distribution from 0.07 microm to 10 microm in 12 channels. The geometric mean ratio of respirable mass concentration estimated from the OPC to the gravimetrically measured mass concentration was 0.66 with a geometric standard deviation of 1.5. Very fine particle number concentrations in winter were substantially greater where direct-fire natural gas heaters were operated (7.5 x 10(5) particles/cm(3)) than where steam was used for heat (3 x 10(5) particles/cm(3)). During summer when heaters were off, the very fine particle number concentrations were below 10(5) particles/cm(3), regardless of location. Elevated very fine particle number concentrations were associated with machining operations with poor enclosures. Whereas respirable mass concentrations did not vary noticeably with season, they were greater in areas with poorly fitting enclosures (0.12 mg/m(3)) than in areas where state-of-the-art enclosures were used (0.03 mg/m(3)). These differences were attributed to metalworking fluid mist that escaped from poorly fitting enclosures. Particles generated from direct-fire natural gas heater operation were very small, with a number size distribution modal diameter of less than 0.023 microm. Aerosols generated by machining operations had number size distributions modes in the 0.023 microm to 0.1 microm range. However, multiple modes in the mass size distributions estimated from OPC measurements occurred in the 2-20 microm range. Although elevated, very fine particle concentrations and respirable mass concentrations were both associated with poorly enclosed machining operations; the operation of the direct-fire natural gas heaters resulted in the greatest very fine particle concentrations without elevating the respirable mass concentration. These results suggest that respirable mass concentration may not be an adequate indicator for very fine particle exposure.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Elder, A.",
"R. Gelein",
"V. Silva",
"T. Feikert",
"L. Opanashuk",
"J. Carter",
"R. Potter",
"A. Maynard",
"J. Finkelstein",
"G. Oberdorster"
],
"title": "Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system",
"year": 2006,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environmental Health Perspectives",
"volume": "114",
"issue": "8",
"pages": "1172-1178",
"doi": "10.1289/ehp.9030",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9030",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "We conclude that the olfactory neuronal pathway is efficient for translocating inhaled Mn oxide as solid UFPs to the central nervous system and that this can result in inflammatory changes. We suggest that despite differences between human and rodent olfactory systems, this pathway is relevant in humans.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"E. D. Kuempel"
],
"title": "Airborne nanostructured particles and occupational health. J",
"year": 2005,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Nanoparticle Res.",
"volume": "7",
"issue": null,
"pages": "587-614",
"doi": "10.1007/s11051-005-6770-9",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-6770-9",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Ku, B. K.",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "Comparing aerosol surface-area measurement of monodisperse ultrafine silver agglomerates using mobility analysis, transmission electron microscopy and diffusion charging",
"year": 2005,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "36",
"issue": "9",
"pages": "1108-1124",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.12.003",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.12.003",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Beamer, B. R.",
"S. Shulman",
"A. D. Maynard",
"D. Williams",
"D. Watkins"
],
"title": "Evaluation of Misting Controls to Reduce Respirable Silica Exposure for Brick Cutting",
"year": 2005,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Ann. Occup. Hyg.",
"volume": "49",
"issue": null,
"pages": "503-510",
"doi": "10.3320/1.2758355",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3320/1.2758355",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "It is estimated that more than 1.7 million workers in the United States are potentially exposed to respirable crystalline silica, with a large percentage having been exposed to silica concentrations higher than the limits set by current standards and regulations. The purpose of this study is to characterize the use of water-misting engineering controls to reduce exposure to respirable crystalline silica for construction workers engaged in the task of brick cutting. Since data concerning the efficacy of engineering controls collected at worksites is often confounded by factors such as wind, worker skill level, the experiments were conducted in a laboratory environment. A completely enclosed testing chamber housed the brick-cutting saw. Respirable dust concentrations were measured using the Model 3321 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer. Specifically, the laboratory experiment was designed to compare dust suppression through water misting using conventional freely flowing water techniques. Brass atomizing nozzles with three flow rates were used for making this comparison: low (5.0 ml s(-1) or 4.8 gal h(-1)), medium (9.0 ml s(-1) or 8.6 gal h(-1)) and high (18 ml s(-1) or 17.3 gal h(-1)). The flow rate for freely flowing water, using manufacturer-supplied equipment, was 50 ml s(-1) (48 gal h(-1)). The experiment consisted of five replications of five samples each (low-misting, medium-misting, high-misting, freely flowing water and no control). The order of sampling within each replicate was randomized. Estimates of dust reduction showed that low-misting nozzles reduced the respirable mass fraction of dust by about 63%, medium-misting nozzles by about 67%, high-misting nozzles by about 79% and freely flowing water by about 93%. Based on these results, it may be feasible to use misting to control respirable silica dust instead of freely flowing water. This strategy is of practical interest to the construction industry which must frequently limit the amount of water used on construction sites.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology and Strategies to Ensure Occupational Health",
"year": 2005,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": "American Industrial Hygiene Association",
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A."
],
"title": "Nanotechnology: Overview and Relevance to Occupational Health",
"year": 2005,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": "American Industrial Hygiene Association",
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Oberdörster, G.",
"A. Maynard",
"K. Donaldson",
"V. Castranova",
"J. Fitzpatrick",
"K. Ausman",
"J. Carter",
"B. Karn",
"W. Kreyling",
"D. Lai",
"S. Olin",
"N. Monteiro-Riviere",
"D. Warheit",
"H. Yang"
],
"title": "Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part",
"year": 2005,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Particle and Fibre Toxicology",
"volume": "2",
"issue": "8",
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1186/1743-8977-2-8",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-2-8",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "AbstractThe rapid proliferation of many different engineered nanomaterials (defined as materials designed and produced to have structural features with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less) presents a dilemma to regulators regarding hazard identification. The International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute convened an expert working group to develop a screening strategy for the hazard identification of engineered nanomaterials. The working group report presents theelementsof a screening strategy rather than a detailed testing protocol. Based on an evaluation of the limited data currently available, the report presents a broad data gathering strategy applicable to this early stage in the development of a risk assessment process for nanomaterials. Oral, dermal, inhalation, and injection routes of exposure are included recognizing that, depending on use patterns, exposure to nanomaterials may occur by any of these routes. The three key elements of the toxicity screening strategy are: Physicochemical Characteristics,In VitroAssays (cellular and non-cellular), andIn VivoAssays.There is a strong likelihood that biological activity of nanoparticles will depend on physicochemical parameters not routinely considered in toxicity screening studies. Physicochemical properties that may be important in understanding the toxic effects of test materials include particle size and size distribution, agglomeration state, shape, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge, and porosity.In vitrotechniques allow specific biological and mechanistic pathways to be isolated and tested under controlled conditions, in ways that are not feasible inin vivotests. Tests are suggested for portal-of-entry toxicity for lungs, skin, and the mucosal membranes, and target organ toxicity for endothelium, blood, spleen, liver, nervous system, heart, and kidney. Non-cellular assessment of nanoparticle durability, protein interactions, complement activation, and pro-oxidant activity is also considered.Tier 1in vivoassays are proposed for pulmonary, oral, skin and injection exposures, and Tier 2 evaluations for pulmonary exposures are also proposed. Tier 1 evaluations include markers of inflammation, oxidant stress, and cell proliferation in portal-of-entry and selected remote organs and tissues. Tier 2 evaluations for pulmonary exposures could include deposition, translocation, and toxicokinetics and biopersistence studies; effects of multiple exposures; potential effects on the reproductive system, placenta, and fetus; alternative animal models; and mechanistic studies.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Jones, A. D.",
"R. J. Aitken",
"J. F. Fabries",
"E. Kauffer",
"G. Liden",
"A. Maynard",
"G. Riediger",
"W. Sahle"
],
"title": "Thoracic size-selective sampling of fibres: performance of four types of thoracic sampler in laboratory tests. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2005,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "49",
"issue": null,
"pages": "481-492",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/mei004",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mei004",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "The counting of fibres on membrane filters could be facilitated by using size-selective samplers to exclude coarse particulate and fibres that impede fibre counting. Furthermore, the use of thoracic size selection would also remove the present requirement to discriminate fibres by diameter during counting. However, before thoracic samplers become acceptable for sampling fibres, their performance with fibres needs to be determined. This study examines the performance of four thoracic samplers: the GK2.69 cyclone, a Modified SIMPEDS cyclone, the CATHIA sampler (inertial separation) and the IOM thoracic sampler (porous foam pre-selector). The uniformity of sample deposit on the filter samples, which is important when counts are taken on random fields, was examined with two sizes of spherical particles (1 and 10 microm) and a glass fibre aerosol with fibres spanning the aerodynamic size range of the thoracic convention. Counts by optical microscopy examined fields on a set scanning pattern. Hotspots of deposition were detected for one of the thoracic samplers (Modified SIMPEDS with the 10 microm particles and the fibres). These hotspots were attributed to the inertial flow pattern near the port from the cyclone pre-separator. For the other three thoracic samplers, the distribution was similar to that on a cowled sampler, the current standard sampler for fibres. Aerodynamic selection was examined by comparing fibre concentration on thoracic samples with those measured on semi-isokinetic samples, using fibre size (and hence calculated aerodynamic diameter) and number data obtained by scanning electron microscope evaluation in four laboratories. The size-selection characteristics of three thoracic samplers (GK2.69, Modified SIMPEDS and CATHIA) appeared very similar to the thoracic convention; there was a slight oversampling (relative to the convention) for d(ae) < 7 microm, but that would not be disadvantageous for comparability with the cowled sampler. Only the IOM thoracic sampler tended to undersample the fibres relative to the thoracic convention. With the data divided into four classes based on fibre length, the size-selection characteristics appeared to be unaffected by fibre length for GK2.69, Modified SIMPEDS and CATHIA. Only the IOM thoracic sampler (with the foam selector) showed slightly lower selection for longer length classes of fibres. These results indicate that the tested samplers follow the thoracic sampling convention for fibres, and may be used to improve the quality and reliability of samples that are taken when there is likely to be significant background dust.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Shvedova, A. A.",
"E. R. Kisin",
"R. Mercer",
"A. R. Murray",
"V. J. Johnson",
"A. I. Potapovich",
"Y. Y. Tyurina",
"O. Gorelik",
"S. Arepalli",
"D. Schwegler-Berry",
"A. F. Hubbs",
"J. Antonini",
"D. E. Evans",
"B. K. Ku",
"D. Ramsey",
"A. Maynard",
"V. E. Kagan",
"V. Castranova",
"P. Baron"
],
"title": "Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol",
"year": 2005,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Physiol.",
"volume": "289",
"issue": null,
"pages": "698-708",
"doi": "10.1152/ajplung.00084.2005",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00084.2005",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are new materials of emerging technological importance. As SWCNT are introduced into the life cycle of commercial products, their effects on human health and environment should be addressed. We demonstrated that pharyngeal aspiration of SWCNT elicited unusual pulmonary effects in C57BL/6 mice that combined a robust but acute inflammation with early onset yet progressive fibrosis and granulomas. A dose-dependent increase in the protein, LDH, and γ-glutamyl transferase activities in bronchoalveolar lavage were found along with accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (oxidative biomarker) and depletion of glutathione in lungs. An early neutrophils accumulation ( day 1), followed by lymphocyte ( day 3) and macrophage ( day 7) influx, was accompanied by early elevation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β; day 1) followed by fibrogenic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (peaked on day 7). A rapid progressive fibrosis found in mice exhibited two distinct morphologies: 1) SWCNT-induced granulomas mainly associated with hypertrophied epithelial cells surrounding SWCNT aggregates and 2) diffuse interstitial fibrosis and alveolar wall thickening likely associated with dispersed SWCNT. In vitro exposure of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages to SWCNT triggered TGF-β1 production similarly to zymosan but generated less TNF-α and IL-1β. SWCNT did not cause superoxide or NO·production, active SWCNT engulfment, or apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Functional respiratory deficiencies and decreased bacterial clearance ( Listeria monocytogenes) were found in mice treated with SWCNT. Equal doses of ultrafine carbon black particles or fine crystalline silica (SiO2) did not induce granulomas or alveolar wall thickening and caused a significantly weaker pulmonary inflammation and damage.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Working with engineered nanomaterials: Towards developing safe work practices",
"year": 2005,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": "AIChE Spring National Meeting",
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"P. A. Baron"
],
"title": "Aerosols in the Industrial Environment",
"year": 2004,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "225-264",
"doi": "10.1201/9780203493182.ch11",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203493182.ch11",
"publisher": "CRC Press",
"bookTitle": "Aerosols Handbook. Measurement, Dosimetry and Health Effects",
"editors": "L. S. Ruzer and N. H. Harley",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "Boca Raton, FL"
},
{
"authors": [
"Chen, B. T.",
"G. A. Feather",
"A. D. Maynard",
"C. Y. Rao"
],
"title": "Development Of A Personal Sampler For Collecting Fungal Spores",
"year": 2004,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J. Aerosol Sci.",
"volume": "38",
"issue": null,
"pages": "926",
"doi": "10.1080/027868290511218",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290511218",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Exposure to fungal aerosols is of concern in indoor environments. However, sampling limitations have previously made it difficult to assess exposures accurately, especially long-term exposures. A prototype personal aerosol sampler, based on cyclone principles and using a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube as a particle collection receptacle has been designed and fabricated. Collection efficiency for aerosol particles in the size range of fungal spores has been evaluated for different types of microcentrifuge tubes, together with the effect of a polyethylene glycol coating on the inside of the tube and the effect of adding water to the tube. Monodisperse, fluorescently tagged polymer microspheres with median diameters of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, and 16 μm were used to evaluate sampler performance with particle diameter. The microcentrifuge-tube sampler was tested at flow rates of 2 and 4 liters per minute (l/min). Experimental results indicate that the microcentrifuge-tube sampler has an aspiration efficiency of 100% in calm air for particles up to 16 μm. At 4 l/min, the microcentrifuge-tube sampler is able to collect nearly 100% of particles greater than 3 μm and > 90% of particles between 2.5 and 3 μm. The 50% cutoff size is 1.5 μm. The performance of the sampler did not vary with the different brands of tubes tested or with the presence or absence of a coating on the tube surface. Furthermore, the addition of water to the tube resulted in a slight increase in collection efficiency. A sampling time of 5 h was feasible at 45–50% relative humidity before evaporation led to significant water loss. The cutoff size of 1.5 μm is comparable to many commercially available bioaerosol samplers. Besides being easy to use, simple to fabricate, and inexpensive, this novel sampler has several advantages over conventional samplers: long-term samples are possible (the limitation of impaction methods); there is no sample transfer loss since the transfer step has been eliminated (the limitation of filter cassettes); laboratory analyses are not dependent solely upon a single analysis method (the limitation of impaction methods), and there is no sampler adherence loss (the limitation of trying to wash microorganisms from filters). In addition, use of the sampler would be applicable in a variety of occupational settings from low bioaerosol concentrations (i.e., indoor environments) to high bioaerosol concentrations (i.e., agricultural setting) by varying sampling time periods and using sensitive analytical methods.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"Y. Ito",
"I. Arslan",
"A. T. Zimmer",
"N. Browning",
"A. Nicholls"
],
"title": "Examining elemental surface enrichment in ultrafine aerosol particles using analytical Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy",
"year": 2004,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Aerosol Sci. Tech.",
"volume": "38",
"issue": null,
"pages": "365",
"doi": "10.1080/02786820490437479",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820490437479",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "The surface structure and chemistry of ultrafine aerosol particles (typically particles smaller than 100 nm in diameter) play key roles in determining physical and chemical behavior, and is relevant to fields as diverse as nanotechnology and aerosol toxicity. Analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is one of the few analytical methods available that is potentially capable of characterizing ultrafine particles at subnanometer resolution. We propose a method that enables STEM to characterize and quantify elemental surface enrichment within radially symmetrical particles at a spatial resolution of less than 1 nm when used in conjunction with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Although the method relies on a number of assumptions for complete particle characterization, estimation of the depth of an outer layer of elemental enrichment should be possible with relatively few assumptions. A preliminary investigation of the method has been carried out using particles from gas metal arc welding on mild steel. Using the analysis method, we were able to characterize Si and O enrichment in a number of particles. Two particles were investigated extensively using EELS and EDS analysis. Both techniques allowed surface enrichment of Si to be identified and quantified in the particles, although the relatively poor sensitivity of EDS was a limiting factor in the analysis. EELS allowed rapid data collection and enabled surface enrichment of Si and O to be characterized. Using a simple model to describe elemental composition with radial position, it was estimated that Si and O were enriched in an outer layer around the particle approximately 1 nm deep.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Pui, D. Y. H.",
"Flagan, R. C.",
"Kaufman, S. L.",
"Maynard, A. D.",
"de la Mora, J. F.",
"Hering, S. V.",
"Jimenez, J. L.",
"Prather, K. A.",
"Wexler, A. S.",
"Ziemann, P. J."
],
"title": "Experimental methods and instrumentation",
"year": 2004,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal Of Nanoparticle Research",
"volume": "6",
"issue": null,
"pages": "314-315",
"doi": "10.1007/s11051-005-6534-6",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-6534-6",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"P. A. Baron",
"M. Foley",
"A. A. Shvedova",
"E. R. Kisin",
"V. Castranova"
],
"title": "Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material. Aerosol Release During the Handling of Unrefined Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Material",
"year": 2004,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health",
"volume": "67",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "87-107",
"doi": "10.1080/15287390490253688",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490253688",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Carbon nanotubes represent a relatively recently discovered allotrope of carbon that exhibits unique properties. While commercial interest in the material is leading to the development of mass production and handling facilities, little is known of the risk associated with exposure. In a two-part study, preliminary investigations have been carried out into the potential exposure routes and toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotube material (SWCNT)—a specific form of the allotrope. The material is characterized by bundles of fibrous carbon molecules that may be a few nanometers in diameter, but micrometers in length. The two production processes investi-gated use-transition metal catalysts, leading to the inclusion of nanometer-scale metallic particles within unrefined SWCNT material. A laboratory-based study was undertaken to evaluate the physical nature of the aerosol formed from SWCNT during mechanical agitation. This was complemented by a field study in which airborne and dermal exposure to SWCNT was investigated while handling unrefined material. Although laboratory studies indicated that with sufficient agitation, unrefined SWCNT material can release fine particles into the air, concentrations generated while handling material in the field were very low. Estimates of the airborne concen-tration of nanotube material generated during handling suggest that concentrations were lower than 53μg/m3 in all cases. Glove deposits of SWCNT during handling were estimated at between 0.2 mg and 6 mg per hand.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Lee, S.-A.",
"S. A. Grinshpun",
"A. Adhikari",
"W. Li",
"R. McKay",
"A. D. Maynard",
"T. Reponen"
],
"title": "Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a New Personal Set-up for Assessing the Protection of given by the N95 Filtering-Facepiece Respirators Against Particles. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2004,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "49",
"issue": null,
"pages": "245-257",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/meh097",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meh097",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "The newly designed personal sampling system efficiently detected the changes in protection factors in real time. The sampling flow was least affected by the inhalation flow when the sampling probe was imbedded on the respirator surface. Leak location, breathing patterns and exercises did affect the measurement of the protection factors obtained using an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. This can be attributed to the differences in the in-mask airflow dynamics contributed by the leak, filter material, sampling probe and inhalation. In future studies, it would be beneficial if the laboratory data could be integrated with the field database.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Andresen, P.",
"Ramachandran, G.",
"Pai, P.",
"Lazovich, D.",
"Maynard, A."
],
"title": "Women's personal and indoor exposure to PM2.5 in Mysore, India: Impact of domestic fuel usage. Atmos",
"year": 2004,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Environ.",
"volume": "39",
"issue": null,
"pages": "5500-5508",
"doi": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.004",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.004",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"A. T. Zimmer"
],
"title": "Development and validation of a simple numerical model for estimating workplace aerosol size distribution evolution through coagulation",
"year": 2003,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Aerosol Sci. Tech.",
"volume": "37",
"issue": null,
"pages": "804",
"doi": "10.1080/02786820300938",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820300938",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Recent research has indicated that the toxicity of inhaled ultrafine particles may be associated with the size of discrete particles deposited in the lungs. However, it has been speculated that in some occupational settings rapid coagulation will lead to relatively low exposures to discrete ultrafine particles. Investigation of likely occupational exposures to ultrafine particles following the generation of aerosols with complex size distributions is most appropriately addressed using validated numerical models. A numerical model has been developed to estimate the size-distribution time-evolution of compact and fractal-like aerosols within workplaces resulting from coagulation, diffusional deposition, and gravitational settling. Good agreement has been shown with an analytical solution to lognormal aerosol evolution, indicating good compatibility with previously published models. Validation using experimental data shows reasonable agreement when assuming spherical particles and coalescence on coagulation. Assuming the formation of fractal-like particles within a range of diameters led to good agreement between modeled and experimental data. The model appears well suited to estimating the relationship between the size distribution of emitted well-mixed ultrafine aerosols, and the aerosol that is ultimately inhaled where diffusion loses are small.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Estimating aerosol surface area from number and mass concentration measurements. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2003,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "47",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "123-144",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/meg022",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meg022",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "A number of toxicology studies have been published indicating that health effects associated with low-solubility inhaled particles may be more appropriately associated with particulate surface area than mass. While exposure data from the workplace is needed to further investigate the relevance of such an association, the means of measuring exposure to aerosol surface area are not readily available. A possible interim solution is to estimate surface area from measurements of particle number and mass concentration using readily available direct-reading instruments. By assuming a lognormal aerosol size distribution with a specific geometric standard deviation, number and mass concentration measurements may be used to estimate the surface area concentration associated with the distribution. Simulations have shown that surface area estimates made on unimodal lognormal aerosols will frequently lie within 100% of the actual value. Simulations using bimodal distributions indicate estimates of surface area vary from the actual value by less than an order of magnitude. Calculations based on experimental unimodal and bimodal data confirm these findings, with estimated surface area rarely being a factor of 4 greater than the actual value, and frequently being much closer than this. These findings indicate that estimating aerosol surface area exposure using readily available number and mass concentration direct-reading instruments may be suitable for providing initial data on the magnitude of surface area exposures with minimal additional effort. This would allow the accumulation of valuable exposure-response data prior to the development and implementation of more sophisticated instrumentation to more accurately estimate surface area exposure.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Shvedova, A. A.",
"V. Castranova",
"E. R. Kisin",
"A. R. Murray",
"V. Z. Gandelsman",
"A. D. Maynard,",
"P. A. Baron"
],
"title": "Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells",
"year": 2003,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part a",
"volume": "66",
"issue": "20",
"pages": "1909-1926",
"doi": "10.1080/713853956",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/713853956",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Carbon nanotubes are new members of carbon allotropes similar to fullerenes and graphite. Because of their unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, carbon nanotubes are important for novel applications in the electronics, aerospace, and computer industries. Exposure to graphite and carbon materials has been associated with increased incidence of skin diseases, such as carbon fiber dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, and naevi. We investigated adverse effects of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using a cell culture of immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT). After 18 h of exposure of HaCaT to SWCNT, oxidative stress and cellular toxicity were indicated by formation of free radicals, accumulation of peroxidative products, antioxidant depletion, and loss of cell viability. Exposure to SWCNT also resulted in ultrastructural and morphological changes in cultured skin cells. These data indicate that dermal exposure to unrefined SWCNT may lead to dermal toxicity due to accelerated oxidative stress in the skin of exposed workers.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Overview of methods for analysing single ultrafine particles",
"year": 2003,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1142/9781848161221_0003",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1142/9781848161221_0003",
"publisher": "Imperial College Press",
"bookTitle": "Ultrafine Particles in the Atmosphere",
"editors": "L. M. Brown, N. Collings, R. M. Harrison, A. D. Maynard, and R. L. Maynard",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "London"
},
{
"authors": [
"Brown, L. M.",
"N. Collings",
"R. M. Harrison",
"A. D. Maynard",
"R. L. Maynard"
],
"title": "Ultrafine Particles in the Atmosphere",
"year": 2003,
"format": "edited-book",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1142/p287",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1142/p287",
"publisher": "London, UK, Imperial College Press",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Measurement of Number, Mass and Size Distribution of Particles in the Atmosphere (R M Harrison et al.) Overview of Methods for Analysing Single Ultrafine Particles (A D Maynard) Particles from Internal Combustion Engines - What We Need to Know (N Collings & B R Graskow) Ultrafine Particles in Workplace Atmospheres (J H Vincent & C F Clement) The Surface Activity of Ultrafine Particles (D A Jefferson) Toxicology of Ultrafine Particles: In Vivo Studies (G Oberd/rster) Ultrafine Particles: Mechanisms of Lung Injury (K Donaldson et al.) Differential Epidemiology of Ambient Aerosols (H R Anderson) and other articles.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"R. L. Maynard"
],
"title": "A derived association between ambient aerosol surface area and excess mortality using historic time series data. Atmos",
"year": 2002,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Env.",
"volume": "36",
"issue": null,
"pages": "5561-5567",
"doi": "10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00743-4",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00743-4",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"R. L. Maynard"
],
"title": "Ambient aerosol exposure-response as a function of particulate surface-area: re-interpretation of historic data using numerical modeling. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2002,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "46",
"issue": "Supp. 1",
"pages": "444-449",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.444",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.444",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "It has been hypothesized that the curvilinear response between British Smoke (BS) and excess mortality in London between 1958 and 1972 may be attributable to a linear response with respect to particulate number or surface area concentration. A numerical model has been developed and used to derive relationships between aerosol number, surface area and mass concentration under idealized environmental conditions. Modelling demonstrates that for a constant aerosol generation rate and rapid mixing, generalized functions can be derived that describe particle number versus mass concentration, and surface area versus mass concentration. The results indicate that the epidemiology data do not support a linear association between particle number concentration and mortality rate. However, a transformation between BS and particulate surface area is presented that leads to a linear association between aerosol surface area concentration and mortality rate. A critical mass concentration is defined, below which aerosol surface area varies linearly with mass. Above the critical mass concentration, numerical modelling supports the hypothesis that aerosol surface area is a more appropriate indicator of health effects associated with exposure.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"A. T. Zimmer"
],
"title": "Evaluation of grinding aerosols in terms of alveolar dose: The significance of using mass, surface-area and number metrics. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2002,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "46",
"issue": "Suppl. 1",
"pages": "320-322",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.315",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.315",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Aerosols generated by mechanical means are generally assumed to have low particle number and surface area concentrations compared with mass concentration. As a result, they have received little attention in the current debate over the use of number- and surface area-based metrics for low-solubility particles. However, it is plausible that some high-energy mechanical processes found in workplaces may lead to the generation of fine aerosols that are characterized by high number and surface area concentrations. A preliminary investigation has been carried out into the aerosol generated during high-speed grinding to investigate the generation of fine particles from mechanical processes. Aerosol size distribution measurements between 5 nm and 20 μm were made during grinding on steel, aluminum, polytetrafluoroethylene, granite, ceramic tile and hardwood. Distributions were weighted by alveolar deposition probability to provide an indication of potential dose against metrics of number, surface area and volume. In all cases, the number-weighted size distributions showed most particles to lie in the ultrafine particle range (diameter <100 nm). Surface area-weighted distributions show substrates susceptible to thermal aerosol formation to be dominated by ultrafine particles. Weighting measurements by particle volume led to distributions dominated by particles >1 μm, although aluminum, hardwood and steel all show substantial volume-fractions in the ultrafine region. There was evidence that the grinding tool contributed to the measured ultrafine aerosol fraction. Further work is required to isolate particle sources during similar operations.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Experimental determination of ultrafine TiO2 de-agglomeration in surrogate pulmonary surfactant - preliminary results. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2002,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "46",
"issue": "Suppl. 1",
"pages": "197-202",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.197",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.197",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Although a number of studies have demonstrated an association between the surface area of low-solubility particles and biological response within the respiratory system, the use of agglomerated particles has led to ambiguities over the interpretation of results in many cases. A clear understanding of the role of particle size and total available surface area requires some knowledge of the degree of deagglomeration that takes place following deposition in the lungs. Samples of ultrafine TiO2 (primary particle diameter ~20 nm) have been suspended in a surro-gate pulmonary surfactant, and the size distribution of the suspended particles was measured using transmission electron microscopy. Comparison with airborne particle size distributions indicates a shift in modal diameter from ~300 nm to ~100 nm following suspension in the surfactant. There was no indication of particle deagglomeration to primary particles. It is hypothesized that the manufacturing process of materials such as ultrafine TiO2 leads to the formation of primary agglomerates—clusters of primary particles held together by partial sintering—and that these represent the limit of deagglomeration following lung deposition.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Zimmer, A. T.",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "Investigation of the Aerosols Produced by a High-Speed, Hand-Held Grinder Using Various Substrates. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2002,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "46",
"issue": "8",
"pages": "663-672",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/mef089",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mef089",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Mechanical processes such as grinding are classically thought to form micrometer scale aerosols through abrasion and attrition. High-speed grinding has been used as the basis for testing the hypothesis that ultrafine particles do not form a substantial component of mechanically generated aerosols. A wide variety of grinding substrates were selected for evaluation to represent the broad spectrum of materials available. To characterize the particle size distribution over particle sizes ranging from 4.2 nm to 20.5 microm, the aerosol-laden air collected from an enclosed chamber was split and directed to three aerosol instruments operated in parallel. Transmission electron microscope samples of the various grinding substrates were also collected. The results demonstrate that ultrafine particles do have the potential to form a significant component of a grinding aerosol for a number of substrates. It appears that the ultrafine aerosols were formed by the following processes: (i) from within the grinding motor, (ii) from the combustion of amenable grinding substrates and (iii) from volatilization of amenable grinding materials at the grinding wheel/substrate interface.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Thoracic size-selection of fibers - dependence of penetration on fiber length for five thoracic sampler types. Ann. Occup",
"year": 2002,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Hyg.",
"volume": "46",
"issue": "6",
"pages": "511-522",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/mef063",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mef063",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "It has been suggested that the non-size-selective sampling methods currently used for fibrous aerosols potentially lead to the presence of large compact particles, agglomerates and fibre clumps in samples, which in turn reduce the accuracy and precision of the manual fibre counting techniques employed to analyse samples. The use of thoracic size-selective samplers has been proposed as an alternative, leading to the prevention of large particles reaching the collection substrate while at the same time bringing fibre sampling into line with general occupational aerosol sampling methodologies. Thoracic samplers should give good agreement with current sampling methods under ideal conditions based on aerodynamic fibre properties. However, the effect of fibre length on sampling efficiency is not known. The sampling efficiency of five thoracic samplers was therefore measured as a function of fibre length for respirable fibres between 10 and 60 microm long. These included the commercially available GK2.69 cyclone and the CATHIA sampler, the IOM thoracic sampler, a modified version of the SIMPEDS cyclone and a modified version of the IOM inhalable sampler. Length-monodisperse fibres were generated using a dielectrophoretic fibre classifier and sampler penetration was measured as a function of fibre length. No length-dependent sampling effects were observed for the CATHIA, GK2.69, modified SIMPEDS and modified IOM inhalable samplers for fibres <60 microm. Data for the IOM thoracic sampler showed a significant trend of reducing sampling efficiency for fibres >30 microm. Overall, the laboratory results indicated that the five sampler types are likely to perform as well as or better than the currently used 25 mm cowled sampler in the field.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"P. A. Jensen"
],
"title": "Aerosol Measurement in the Workplace",
"year": 2001,
"format": "book-chapter",
"journal": null,
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"pages": "779-799",
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": "Wiley Interscience",
"bookTitle": "Aerosol Measurement, Principles, Techniques and Applications. Second Edition",
"editors": "P. A. Baron and K. Willeke",
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": "New York"
},
{
"authors": [
"Jones, A. D.",
"R. J. Aitken",
"L. Armbruster",
"P. Byrne",
"J. F. Fabriès",
"E. Kauffer",
"G. Lidén",
"M. Lumens",
"A. Maynard",
"G. Riediger",
"W. Sahle"
],
"title": "Thoracic sampling of fibres",
"year": 2001,
"format": "conference-abstract",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "31",
"issue": "S1",
"pages": null,
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(00)90135-6",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(00)90135-6",
"publisher": "HSE Books",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": "European Aerosol Conference 2000",
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "A simple model of axial flow cyclone performance under laminar flow conditions",
"year": 2000,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "31",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "151-167",
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(99)00035-x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)00035-x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"J. Thompson",
"J. Cain",
"B. Rajan"
],
"title": "Air movement visualisation in the workplace - Current methods and new approaches. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc",
"year": 2000,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J.",
"volume": "61",
"issue": null,
"pages": "51-55",
"doi": "10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0051:amvitw>2.0.co;2",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0051:amvitw>2.0.co;2",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "Airflow visualization in the workplace to assess containment, ventilation, or general air movements is often carried out using smoke tracers. The most prevalent method uses a disposable smoke tube that generates a plume of concentrated sulfuric acid fume. However, use of the smoke tube exposes occupational hygienists to the risk of sulfuric acid exposure through inhalation or dermal contact, as well as injury from sharps. Following concern over the potential health hazard associated with smoke tube usage, alternative flow visualization methods and technologies have been reviewed. Methods of generating smoke or bubbles other than using smoke tubes suitable for visualizing air movements include heated element smoke generators, combustion generators, generation of metallic chlorides and ammonium chloride, generation of neutral density bubbles, and water fog generation. Some of these methods are applicable in specific workplace situations. However, there is no commercially available smoke or bubble generator currently available that matches the smoke tube for cost effectiveness, ease of use, and wide applicability, while also reducing the potential health risks associated with smoke tube usage. Despite this, certain technologies, in particular water/glycerol smoke generation using heated element generators, have the potential to be developed into viable alternatives to the smoke tube. Thus, with further development, an air movement visualization method that poses a significantly lower health hazard than the smoke tube is feasible.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Overview of methods for analysing single ultrafine particles",
"year": 2000,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences",
"volume": "358",
"issue": "1775",
"pages": "2593-2609",
"doi": "10.1098/rsta.2000.0671",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0671",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": "L. M. Brown, N. Collings, R. M. Harrison, A. D. Maynard, and R. L. Maynard",
"series": null,
"abstract": "Increasing awareness that structures and attributes on a nanometre scale within aerosol particles may play a significant role in determining their behaviour has highlighted the need for suitable single ultrafine particle analysis methods. By adopting technologies developed within complementary disciplines, together with the development of aerosol–specific methods, a basis for characterizing single sub–100 nm (ultrafine) particles and features in terms of size, morphology, topology, composition, structure and physicochemical properties is established. Size, morphology and surface properties are readily characterized in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), while high–resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) allows structural information on particles and atomic clusters to sub–0.2 nm resolution. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X–ray emission in the STEM allow the chemical analysis of particles and particle regions down to nanometre diameters. Scanning probe microscopy offers the possibility of analysing nanometre–diameter particles under ambient conditions, thus getting away from some of the constraints imposed by electron microscopy. Imaging methods such as atomic force microscopy and near–field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) offer novel and exciting possibilities for the characterization of specific aerosols. Developments in aerosol mass spectrometry are providing the means for chemically characterizing size–segregated ultrafine particles down to 10 nm in diameter on–line. By taking a multi–disciplinary approach, the compilation and development of complementary tools allowing both routine and in–depth analysis of individual ultrafine particles is possible.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Brown, L. M.",
"N. Collings",
"R. M. Harrison",
"A. D. Maynard",
"R. L. Maynard"
],
"title": "Ultrafine particles in the atmosphere: introduction",
"year": 2000,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A",
"volume": "358",
"issue": "1775",
"pages": "2563-2565",
"doi": "10.1098/rsta.2000.0668",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0668",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Aitken, R. J.",
"P. E. J. Baldwin",
"G. C. Beaumont",
"L. C. Kenny",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "Aerosol inhalability in low air movement environments",
"year": 1999,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "30",
"issue": "5",
"pages": "613-626",
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(98)00762-9",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)00762-9",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Measurement of aerosol penetration through six personal thoracic samplers under calm air conditions",
"year": 1999,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "30",
"issue": "9",
"pages": "1227-1242",
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(99)00040-3",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)00040-3",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Kenny, L. C.",
"R. J. Aitken",
"P. E. J. Baldwin",
"G. C. Beaumont",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "The sampling efficiency of personal inhalable aerosol samplers in low air movement environments",
"year": 1999,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "30",
"issue": "5",
"pages": "627-638",
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(98)00752-6",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)00752-6",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Baldwin, P. E. J.",
"A. D. Maynard"
],
"title": "A survey of wind speeds in indoor workplaces",
"year": 1998,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Annals of Occupational Hygiene",
"volume": "42",
"issue": "5",
"pages": "303-313",
"doi": "10.1016/s0003-4878(98)00031-3",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(98)00031-3",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Baldwin, P. E. J.",
"A. D. Maynard",
"C. Northage"
],
"title": "An investigation of short-term gravimetric sampling in pig farms and bakeries",
"year": 1998,
"format": "conference-abstract",
"journal": "Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine",
"volume": "1",
"issue": "38",
"pages": "35",
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"P. A. Baron",
"G. Deye"
],
"title": "Length-classification of fibrous aerosols using a dielectrophoretic classifier",
"year": 1998,
"format": "conference-abstract",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "29",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "233-233",
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(98)90268-3",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)90268-3",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Baldwin, P. E. J.",
"A. D. Maynard",
"L. C. Kenny"
],
"title": "Development of a methodology to study inhalability in very low windspeed conditions",
"year": 1997,
"format": "conference-abstract",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "28",
"issue": "2",
"pages": "338-339",
"doi": "10.1016/s0021-8502(97)86853-x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(97)86853-x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"C. Northage",
"M. Hemingway",
"S. D. Bradley"
],
"title": "Measurement of short-term exposure to airborne soluble platinum in the platinum industry",
"year": 1997,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Annals of Occupational Hygiene",
"volume": "41",
"issue": "1",
"pages": "77-94",
"doi": "10.1016/s0003-4878(96)00026-9",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(96)00026-9",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"R. J. Aitken",
"L. C. Kenny",
"P. E. J. Baldwin"
],
"title": "Preliminary investigation of aerosol inhalability at very low wind speeds",
"year": 1997,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Ann. Occup. Hyg.",
"volume": "41",
"issue": "Supplement 1",
"pages": "695-699",
"doi": "10.1093/annhyg/41.inhaled_particles_viii.695",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/41.inhaled_particles_viii.695",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "International agreement on the inhalable convention was reached in the early 1990s, with the International Standards Organisation (ISO), the Comite Europeen Normalisation (CEN) and the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publishing standards based on the same aerosol penetration curve. This penetration curve was primarily based on the measured inhalability of breathing manikins in wind tunnels operated at between 1 and 4ms 1 (Ogden and Birkett, 1977; Armbruster and Breuer, 1982; Vincent and Mark, 1982). However, evidence is beginning to accumulate indicating that typical average wind speeds in indoor work environments tend to be closer to 0.1-0.2 m s. Recent measurements made by the Health and Safety Laboratory indicate that the wind speed in indoor workplaces is typically less than 0.2 m s~ for the majority of the time, and show good agreement with earlier measurements taken by Berry and Froude (1989). To investigate whether the current inhalable convention is a suitable model for inhalability at these low wind speeds as well as wind speeds above 1 m s, we have devised a method of measuring inhalability in very low wind speeds, and carried out a number of preliminary measurements. Measurement methods were initially developed independently in two laboratories (the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) and the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM)) to guard against laboratory-dependent results. These were subsequently compared and a standardised approach agreed upon.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "Sampling errors associated with sampling plate-like particles using the Higgins- and Dewell-type personal respirable cyclone",
"year": 1996,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "27",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "575-585",
"doi": "10.1016/0021-8502(96)00017-1",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(96)00017-1",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"L. C. Kenny"
],
"title": "Performance assessment of three personal cyclone models, using an aerodynamic particle sizer",
"year": 1995,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "J. Aerosol Sci.",
"volume": "26",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "671-684",
"doi": "10.1016/0021-8502(94)00131-h",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)00131-h",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "The Application of Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy to the Analysis of Ultrafine Aerosol-Particles",
"year": 1995,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "26",
"issue": "5",
"pages": "757-777",
"doi": "10.1016/0021-8502(95)00006-x",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)00006-x",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "The Development of a New Thermophoretic Precipitator For Scanning-Transmission Electron-Microscope Analysis of Ultrafine Aerosol-Particles",
"year": 1995,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Aerosol Science and Technology",
"volume": "23",
"issue": "4",
"pages": "521-533",
"doi": "10.1080/02786829508965334",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829508965334",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "A thermophoretic precipitator specifically for collecting ultrafine aerosol samples onto electron microscope support grids has been designed, and built. The precipitator has been designed to deposit particles of diameter less than 100 nm discretely onto support grids, with uniform deposition velocity across the size range. In addition, it has been designed to be compact, and portable. Preliminary investigations indicate it to give discrete deposits suitable for single particle analysis. Qualitatively, particle deposition velocity appears uniform between 4 and 30 nm, with a slight decrease towards higher diameters, although this is yet to be confirmed by comparison with reference particle size distribution analysis methods. Particle distribution on the microscope grid was shown to be uneven on a millimeter scale, but relatively even on a micrometer scale, enabling good characterization of the deposit.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D."
],
"title": "The generation of micro-machined particle aerosols for characterising aerosol samplers",
"year": 1994,
"format": "conference-abstract",
"journal": "Journal of Aerosol Science",
"volume": "25",
"issue": null,
"pages": "445-446",
"doi": "10.1016/0021-8502(94)90452-9",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)90452-9",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"McGibbon, A. J.",
"L. M. Brown",
"A. L. Bleloch",
"N. D. Browning",
"F. cadete Santos Aires",
"P. J. Fallon",
"P. H. Gaskell",
"K. W. R. Gilkes",
"P. L. Hansen",
"A. Howie",
"A. D. Maynard",
"D. W. McComb",
"D. McMullan",
"H. Müllejans",
"Y. Murooka",
"J. H. Paterson",
"D. D. perovic",
"W. T. Pike",
"I. A. rauf",
"J. M. Rodenburg",
"A. Saeed",
"N. Stelmashenko",
"K. N. Tu",
"M. G. Walls",
"C. A. walsh",
"J. Yuan",
"J. Zhao"
],
"title": "Microscopy in Solid State Science",
"year": 1993,
"format": "peer-review-paper",
"journal": "Microsc. Res. Technique",
"volume": "24",
"issue": null,
"pages": "299-315",
"doi": "10.1002/jemt.1070240502",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240502",
"publisher": null,
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": "The Microstructural Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory is actively involved in a considerable number of research projects which cover a broad range of materials science. In this paper, we describe briefly several such projects, with particular emphasis given to the application of parallel-detection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to the analysis of materials such as stainless steels, catalysts, and high temperature superconductors. In addition, we describe a number of related projects that are currently being carried out in the group, particularly those which utilise and develop novel STEM imaging and analytical techniques.",
"notes": null,
"place": null
},
{
"authors": [
"Maynard, A. D.",
"L. M. Brown"
],
"title": "Collection of ultrafine particles for analysis in the TEM/STEM using a new thermophoretic aerosol precipitator",
"year": 1991,
"format": "conference-proceedings",
"journal": "Institute of Physics Conference Series",
"volume": "119",
"issue": null,
"pages": "453-456",
"doi": null,
"url": null,
"publisher": "Institute of Physics",
"bookTitle": null,
"editors": null,
"series": null,
"abstract": null,
"notes": null,
"place": null
}
]
}